Canadian History (Midterm)

Name the company that financially backed the settlement of New France in its early years, eventually withdrawing its support.

La Compagnie des Cent-Associés

Whose death destabilized New France for thirty years?

Samuel de Champlain

Sillery

Reserve created to house Indigenous converts, harassed + persecuted in their own communities.

How were Jesuits perceived by Wendat communities?

Jesuits brought disease and divided communities. They were accused of using black magic and nearly expelled from Huronia.

What was the first thing settlers did upon landing at Montreal?

They held Mass.

Father Barthélemy Vimont

Superior of the Jesuits in New France

Huault de Montmagny

Governor of New France

Mme Gruel de la Paltrie + M. Puiseaux

Patrons of the Société de Notre Dame

Who presided at Ville Marie’s first mass?

Fr. Vimont, Governor Montmagny, Mme de la Peltrie + M. Puiseaux.

Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve

Governor and ultimate legal authority of Ville Marie. Founder and military leader of Montreal.

Jeanne Mance

Founder and administrative leader of Ville Marie. Founder of the Hotel Dieu Hospital. Reponsible for the colony’s finances.

Who was the first teacher of ville marie?

Marguerite Bourgeoys

Indigenous Peoples of Montreal (Tiohtià:ke)

Wendat (Huron) Confederacy, Anishnaabeg (Algonquins), Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy.

Nations of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy

Mohawk (Kanien’kehá:ka), Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora

Compagnie du Saint Sacrement

Organization that fought against growing secularism in France, seeking to reform Catholicism from the inside.

Société de Notre Dame

Organization that sought to create a missionary colony in the New World. Founded by members of the Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement.

French Atlantic Empire in the 1700s

Outposts in St-Laurence Valley, Great Lakes, Mississippi, Acadie, Slave Trading Posts in Africa + Slave-Based Carribean colonies (Martinique + Guadeloupe).

Destruction of Huronia (1648-1649)

The Haudenosaunee launched a full-scale ATTACK on the Wendat people, in retaliation for their alliance with the France and for control of the fur trade.

Why were the Haudenosaunee, even after crushing the Wendat people, not able to monopolize the fur trade?

The Ojibwa formed an alliance with Ottawa + Nipissing peoples. Armed with French weapons, they contested Haudenosaunee control.

Creation of Rupert’s Land

Fur traders Pierre Radisson + Médard Chouart would seize Rupert’s Land for the English Crown.

Who was accused of setting the Great Montreal Fire of 1734?

Marie-Josèphe Angéligue, a Black enslaved woman.

1712 Slave Revolt New York City

A slave revolt began in 1712 after an enslaver’s shed was set on fire in New York. Freedom seekers attacked enslavers.

1741 Fire of New York

After Fort George burnt to the ground, the fire was blamed on free Blacks and Irish Catholics. Black people were hanged and burned en masse.

Who was the first enslaved person to arrive in New France?

Olivier LeJeune, a Black man, in 1629.

Indigenous Slave Trade (New France)

Most indigenous slaves, known as Panis, were war captives offered to the French by their allies.

African Slave Trade (New France)

Enslaved people were brought via Carribean colonies, an expensive + prestigious status symbol.

Code Noir

Laws governing treatment of enslaved people in French colonies. Obligated owners to house, feed + clothe their slaves. Proscribed HARSH punishments to rebels + freedom seekers.

Glorious Revolution

Catholic James II ousted as the King of England, replaced with his Protestant daughter + son-in-law. Quashed Louis XIV’s ambitions to expand into the Netherlands, drawing England into the League of Augbsurg alliance.

Nine Years’ War (War of the League of Augbsurg)

A conflict from 1688 to 1697 involving France against a coalition of European powers.

How did the Nine Years’ War affect North America?

Governor General Frontenac raided New England + New York. Mohawk + English forces attacked Montreal + Quebec. English privateers attacked + blockaded Newfoundland.

Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville

French military leader and explorer known for his role in the founding of New France. Forced English privateers to withdraw from Newfoundland. Claimed Louisiana for the French.

How did the Nine Years’ War end?

Ended with the Treaty of Ryswick with NO territorial losses for the French Empire.

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

Louis XIV wanted his grandson put on the Spanish throne, thus uniting France and Spain. England and the Netherlands went to war to STOP this ascension.

How did the War of Spanish Succession end?

Ended with the Treaty of Utrecht + Bourbon ascension to the throne, and significant territorial losses for France.

What did France concede in the Treaty of Utrecht?

Hudson Bay, Acadia + Newfoundland were given to Great Britain. France recognized British authority over Haudenosaunee lands.

What did France keep in the Treaty of Utrecht?

St-Lawrence Valley, P.E.I, Cape Breton + fishing rights over Newfoundland.

Fort Louisbourg (built 1719)

Defensive fort built by the French at Ile Royale.

How did the British respond to the building of Fort Louisbourg?

Built a naval base in Halifix (1749).

How did the French retaliate to the Halifax Naval Base?

Built Fort Beauséjour (1751).

How did the British retaliate to Fort Beauséjour (1751)?

Built Fort Lawrence nearby.

French and Indian War (1754-1760)

Theater of the Seven Years’ War.

Which famous figure was involved in British and French skirmishes over the Great Lakes region?

George Washington, a commander during Britain’s defeat at Fort Duquesne (1755).

Seven Years’ War

A global conflict primarily between Britain and France. Fought in Europe, North and South America, Australia and West Africa from 1756 to 1763.

What happened by the British obliged Acadians to swear an oath of allegiance?

Majority of Acadians REFUSED to swear an oath of allegiance.

How did the Capture of Fort Beauséjour contribute to Acadian deportation (1755)?

270 Acadians were inside the French fort at the time of its capture. British doubts about Acadian “loyalty” were confirmed.

Lieutenant Governor who demanded Acadians swear an oath of allegiance.

Charles Lawrence.

British official who provided a legal opinion that deporting the Acadians was justifiable.

Chief Justice Jonathan Belcher.

Acadie

Territories in the Maritimes settled by the French. Known today as New Brunswick, Nova Scotia + Prince Edward Island.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Basis for ruling Canadien population in newly conquered territory + for negotiations with Indigenous peoples.

How did the Royal Proclamation change Canada?

Reduced its borders to the Saint Lawrence Valley. Renamed it Quebec. Attached Labrador to Newfoundland.

How did the Proclamation of 1763 regard Indigenous land rights?

BARRED white settlement west of the Appalachian mountains, reserving all land beyond that point as “Indian Territory”

How did the Proclamation of 1763 restrict Indigenous rights?

Indigenous peoples could ONLY deal with the Crown and sell their land through arrangements approved by the Crown. Required licenses to participate in the fur trade.

How did British officials and Indigenous peoples negotiate the Proclamation?

2,000 delegates from Indigenous communities arrived at Fort Niagara. Officials exchanged presents and recorded deals on wampum belts. Decided the border at Fort Stanwix

Why did Indigenous peoples of the Great Lakes suffer greatly after France lost the Seven Years’ War?

No longer able to play both sides against each other, they faced plummeting fur prices, reduced access to trade goods + land-hungry settlers.

How did General Jeffrey Amherst mishandle relations with Indigenous peoples, leading to Pontiac’s rebellion?

Curtailed gift-giving. Refused to move troops out of the Ohio + Allegheny Valleys.

Who begged Amherst to reverse his disastrous policies with Indigenous peoples?

Superintendant of Indian Affairs William Johnson

What did Chief Pontiac preach?

Preached that Europeans brought disaster (disease, economic dependence, warfare, alcohol addictions). Preached that sole remedy was annihilation of British redcoats.

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763-1766)

Loose coalition of Indigenous nations, under Chief Pontiac, that sought to drive out the British.

What war crime did Amherst commit during Pontiac’s Rebellion?

Suggested blankets infected with smallpox be given to Indigenous peoples, in a desire to exterminate them.

How did Pontiac’s rebellion end?

Ended with a peace treaty signed between Pontiac and William Johnson.

Intolerable Acts

Boston Port Act, Act for Impartial Administration of Justice, Quartering Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Quebec Act.

Boston Port Act

Closed Boston Harbor until damages from the Boston Tea Party were paid.

Act for Impartial Administration of Justice

Allowed royal officials to be tried in other colonies or Britain for crimes committed in Massachusetts.

Quartering Act

Required colonists to provide housing and supplies free to British troops.

Massachusetts Government Act

Revoked the Massachusetts Charter, giving back executive power to Great Britain.

First British Governor General of the Province of Quebec.

James Murray.

How were Canadiens treated under British law before James Murray’s reforms?

As Catholics, they were denied political rights (voting + holding office). British colonial and civil law was forcibly imposed.

Murray’s Reforms

Restored use of French civil law. Allowed Roman Catholics to practice law + serve on juries. Made inroads with Catholic Church.

Successor of James Murray as Governor general

Guy Carleton.

Why did Guy Carleton not overturn James Murray’s reforms?

Recognized Canadiens were 99% of the population, and reversing reforms could risk a revolt. Believed Canadiens were more conservative and less republican, unlike (future) American colonists.

Quebec Act

Act that replaced the proclamation of 1763, establishing the constitutional framework for the Province of Quebec.

How did the Quebec Act strengthen Quebec’s old elite?

Guaranteed church tithes + recognized the seigneurial system. Guaranteed right of Canadiens to practice Catholicism.

How did the Quebec Act accomodate Canadiens?

Appointed Catholics to government positions. Reintroduced French civil law (not criminal). Extended Quebec’s borders.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Delegates from 12 British colonies met and demanded that coercive acts against Massachusetts be repealed.

Battles of Lexington & Concord (1775)

British troops clashed with colonial militias, setting off the American Revolution

Second Continental Congress (1776)

Delegates raised an army under George Washington, planning to drive British troops out of Boston + march on Quebec.

American patriots that led the Invasion of Quebec

Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold

How did Montreal fare during the Invasion of Quebec?

Capitulated without a fight.

How did the city of Quebec fare during the Invasion of Quebec?

American siege lifted after 4000 reinforcements arrive. British victory.

Allies of the US during the War of Independence

Oneida + Tuscarora, Mi’kmaq + Wolastoqiyik, France + Spain.

Allies of Britain during the War of Independence

Mohawk + Seneca, Onondaga + Cayuga (neutral until American invasion), Ottawas, Hurons, Algonquins, Abenakis.

Final Battle of the American Revolution

Siege of Yorktown (1781)

How did the American War of Independence end?

Treaty of Paris (1783), with the US recognized as an independent country + Britain ceding all claims SOUTH of the Great Lakes.

How did the Treaty of Paris anger Indigenous peoples and Montreal merchants?

Indigenous peoples NOT consulted; “compensated” with thousands of rum barrels. Montreal merchants lost out on fur trade frontier.

Loyalists

Subjects remaining loyal to the Crown who LEFT the US after Independence, settling in Canada.

How did Britain help loyalists?

Provided free land, provisions, temporary shelter and some financial compensation.

Black Loyalists

Enslaved men granted freedom in return for deserting Patriot masters, later relocated to Nova Scotia.

How were the Mi’kmaq, Wolastoqiyik + Passamaquoddy land claims adversely affected by the Loyalist migration?

Required to “petition” for land in Nova Scotia, same as Loyalists. Ejected from traditional garden lots, hunting + fishing areas.

How were Anishnaabeg affected by the Loyalist migration?

Exchanged huge swathes of land of Lake Ontario for European goods, under vague and confusing treaties.

What happened to the Haudenosaunee that supported Great Britain in the War of Independence?

Haudenosaunee granted lands in Ontario + Quebec.

Which colonies were created in Canada to accomodate Loyalists?

New Brunswick + Cape Breton.

St. John’s Battle (1785)

Battle that broke out when elite loyalists tried to control elections.

Were Lower Canadians equally represented in Parliament before the Rebellions?

Merchants and property owners were the only ones allowed to vote and controlled the assembly. Middle-class Canadiens were excluded from power,

What major reforms did Upper Canada’s reformists want prior to the 1838 Rebellions?

Responsible Government, Assembly Control of Taxation, Elected Legislative Council.

Parti Canadien

Reformist Party in Lower Canada, headed by Louis-Joseph Papineau

Major demands of Lower Canada’s reformists prior to the Rebellions

NO state-funded canal construction on the St-Laurence, MORE seigneurie grants, LESS power for the Chateau Clique.

How did merchants and imperial allies try to reduce the political power of Canadiens, before the 1837 rebellions?

Pressed for the union of Upper and Lower Canada. Govenors refused to honor Parti Canadien demands, despite their overwhelming majority in the Assembly.

92 Resolutions (1834)

A set of demands presented by Lower Canada’s to the British government.

How did Great Britain respond to the 92 resolutions?

Great Britain rejected ALL demands, responding with the 10 resolutions.

What did the 92 Resolutions call for?

Responsible government, American-style republicanism + the governor’s impeachment. Threatened to declare independence if not accepted (veiled).