Urban futures

Mumbai national Importance

• The city contributes 40% of total income to the whole state of Maharashtra.

• Nationally, Mumbai contributes 33% of all income tax and 60% of all customs duty from trade.

• Mumbai has the highest percentage of internet access of any Indian city (12 million people in 2013)

Mumbai global importance

• The Bank of America, Volkswagen, Walt Disney and many more international companies have their headquarters in Mumbai.

• Tourism industry is doing well

• Receives the largest amount of foreign investment of any other city in India.

Causes of urbanisation in Mumbai

• The living standards are more likely to be higher, providing water, electricity and sewage

• May be connections with family in Mumbai compared to rural areas, which they want to keep

• Better education and healthcare standards will likely be found in Mumbai

Ways of life in Mumbai(Dabbawallas)

• Dabbawallas deliver tiffins for around £11 a month, it is a not very paid job but its provides: regular hours, regular pay and the chance to move up in the same organisation.

• There is a standard uniform, working hours, training and rules on health and safety

• This is known as the formal sector of the economy

• They can use this regular income to move out of slums and live in houses that are constructed safely with: less disease, running electricity and working electricity

Contemporary challenges in Mumbai(squatter settlements)

Slums:

• 4000 cases of diphtheria and typhoid everyday in Mumbai

• 500 people have to share one toilet which connects to a water source to the city such as river, which pollutes the river and kills aquatic life

• Lack of jobs in mumbai due to overpopulation leads to growth of slums

Sustainable initiative for Mumbai

Mumbai Urban Transport Project(MUTP) initiative:

* 2 Phase project where they invested a total of around $900 million to improve ventilation on trains and railways, increase the number of metros, increase energy efficiency in trains:
* Success: 72 new trains of 12 cars each have been introduced which removed all 9 car trains meaning they take more people
* Success: these new trains have regenerative braking system, which results in 30% less energy consumption than conventional trains
* Criticism: As Mumbai gets richer, more people will want to buy new cars, leading to more CO2 emissions
* Criticism: Due to the high cost, people believe that the money could have been used elsewhere in the Mumbai to increase sustainability, such as reducing air pollution long term

Birmingham national importance

• Economic hub

• HS2

• 52% minority in Birmingham - due to migration

Bull ring(improving ways of life)

• regenerated in 2006:

• 160 shops

• Pedestrianised streets

• Easy access to the bullring from vistors

Birmingham library

• 95% of waste material from the site recycled

• Attracts 2.5 million visitors a year to improve their studies

• Locals have job opportunities

Birmingham contemporary challenges:

* Inequality in housing:
* Sutton Four Oaks(suburbs):
* 3% Unemployment
* £40,000
* Sparkbrook(city centre):
* 24% Unemployment
* £21000 average household income