MIDTERM QAQO BAYOTO

Cell wall, Central Vacuole, and Chloroplast

What parts of the plant cells are unique to plants (NOT found in animal cells)?

Cell wall

The structural layer surrounds the plant cells. It shapes and supports plant cells, causing them to appear squarelike.

Cryptogams

This plant kingdom classification is non-flowering and non-seed-bearing plants like Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta

Thallophyta

These plants include primitive and simple body structures. They may be filamentous, colonial, branched, or unbranched. Examples include green algae, red algae, and brown algae.

Bryophyta

These terrestrial plants also known as "amphibians of the plant kingdom" require water for sexual reproduction. They are present in moist and shady places. It includes mosses, hornworts, and liverworts

Tracheids

The water-conducting cell of the xylem that is long, thin cells with tapered ends and have lignified secondary cell walls.

Epidermis

A single layer of tightly packed cells of nonwoody plants.

Periderm

The dermal tissue that replaces the non-woody part of the plants with woody plants.

Xylem

Carries water and minerals from the roots to shoots

Phloem

The vascular tissue system that transports organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant.

Vascular Bundles

It separate the strands of xylem and phloem in stems and leaves.

Cortex and pith

Which layers of the stem are made of parenchyma cells?

Apical Meristem

This part of the plant gives rise to primary lengthening and occurs at the tips of the roots and shoots. Growth in these regions is due to a combination of cell enlargement and repeated cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis).

Mucigel

Produced by cells of the root cap and epidermis and functions as the lubricant of the roots and glues soil particles to the roots thereby improving the soil-plant contact and facilitating water movement from the soil into the plant.

Fibrous

Root systems without primary roots but with many lateral roots that usually do not penetrate deeply and best adapted to shallow soils or regions where rainfall is minimal.

Rhizome

What is the modified stem is growing horizontally just below the surface

Runners

Subaerial modified stems that grow along the surface like strawberries

Tendrils

Arial Modified stems with thin, leafless spirally curved branches by which climbers attach themselves to other objects like ampalaya

Dry dehiscent fruit

Fruits that split open upon maturity.

Schizocarpic

Many seeded multilocular fruits that during ripening, it split into closed one-seeded indehiscent parts.

Ethylene

Plant hormone that mediates fruit ripening

Auxin

Plant hormone that stimulates cell elongation, regulates branching and organ bending

Gibberellins

Plant hormone that promotes stem elongation, helps seed break dormancy and uses stored reserves.

Cytokinins

Plant hormone that stimulates plant division, promotes later bud growth, and slows organ death.

Hydroponics

Method of plant cultivation that does not require soil. Plants are provided with a growing medium such as gravel, sand, or something similar

Carrots and Tomatoes

Based on the companion planting guide of Farmers Almanac, which plants can go together to boost yields and minimize pest or disease problems?

Container Gardening

A great alternative for cultivating plants in areas with little space provided that adequate drainage is supplied

Cutting

This is the process in which the stem of a plant is placed in moist soil or water to generate a new root system.

Grafting

This is an artificial method of asexual reproduction where part of a plant is attached to the root system of another plant and the two plants unite to form a new plant containing the roots of one and the stem and leaf structure of the other

Micropropagation

This is the process in which part of a plant is placed in a plant culture medium and provided with all the hormones and nutrients it needs in order to generate new plants.

Genetic Engineering

The technology utilizes Agrobacterium tumefaciens to randomly introduce heterogeneous DNA into plants thereby directly manipulating the regulatory elements or expression of endogenous genes.

Life Span

The length of time it takes from the beginning of development until the death of a plant

The flowering plants that produce flowers and fruits many times or every year.

Genome Editing

This is the type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified, or replaced in the genome of a living organism.

It is a gaseous exchange of taking in oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide.

Phylum Cnidaria

This subclassification group is composed of jellyfish and other lower aquatic animals. Approximately 15,000 species exist today. Examples are Aurelia and Adamsia

Phylum Aschelminthes

It is a group of roundworms, most of which are parasites.

Phylum Arthropoda

This is the largest phylum which consists of insects

Asexual Reproduction

This type of reproduction produces genetically-identical organisms (clones), whereas in sexual reproduction, the genetic material of two individuals combines to produce offspring that are genetically different from their parents.

Regeneration

The process of renewal, restoration, and tissue growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage

Parthenogenesis

The development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell. It involves an activated unfertilized egg that undergoes mitosis in the absence of cytokinesis. The 2 nuclei then fuse together to form the diploid nucleus then further develop as if it has been fertilized.

Hermaphrodites

This is when an organism has both male and female reproductive organs

Protandry

An organism that may start off as male then will convert to female.

Protogyny

An organism that may result in the development of the gynoecium prior to the androecium

Indirect Development

In this type of development, the sexually-immature larval stage is present and the embryo develops into a mature individual without involving a larval stage

Direct Development

The process of development in which an animal is born in a smaller version of its adult form. There is no major transition in the form of the animal from infancy to maturity.

Gonads

The primary sex organs in animals which produce gametes. It also produce hormones that regulate the development of gametes and secondary sex organs that act as pheromones and produce sexual differences in appearance and behavior

Spermatogenesis

The production of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testes