European History

These flashcards cover the the Renaissance through Europe Post-1991

Humanism

An intellectual movement during the Renaissance in Italy based in the study of Greek and Roman classics

Individualism

The belief of the potential and inherent goodness of the human beings and an emphasis on the human

Secularism

Non-religious subject matter

Civic Humanism

The belief that humanists should play key roles in politics

Patronage

Buying and sponsoring of arts

Chiaroscuro

Using light to create depth and emphasize the subject

Christian Humanism

Combined classic Italian Renaissance work with Christianity

Sale of indulgences

Buying your way into heaven

Simony

The selling of church offices

Pluralism

Holding multiple church offices at once

Absenteeism

Not doing their job, but being paid anyway

Nepotism

Giving family members church offices

Transubstantiation

The eucharist physically becomes the body and blood of Jesus

Consubstantiation

God’s spirit is in the blood and wine

Predestination

Good works don’t determine if you go to heaven or hell. Instead it was chosen from the moment you were conceived

Edict of Nantes

Religious toleration

Kepler’s 1st law of planetary motion

Planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular

Kepler’s 2nd law of planetary motion

Planets in orbit don’t move at a uniform speed

Kepler’s 3rd law of planetary motion

A planet’s distance from the sun determines the time to orbit the sun

Jean Bodin Beliefs

Governments provide order, and only absolute governments could do so effectively

Hobbes Beliefs

Humans are innately bad, justifying absolute monarchies

Taille

The French tax on all land and property

Enclosure Movement

Arose when landowners wanted to increase in woll profits, so they enclosed fields to raise sheep

Corn Laws

High tariffs placed on foreign grain, increased the price of domestic grain

Cottage Industry

Cottage workers were given raw materials by merchants, who would pay them for the finished goods

Mercantilism

Main goal was to create a favorable balance of trade by exporting more than it imported. They wanted the most bullion. Colonies were geared towards getting bullion for the mother country

Constitutionalism

Government power is limited by law

Habeas Corpus Act

requiring prisoners be present at their trials, prisionment required just cause, and forbade double jeopardy (can’t be tried for a crime twice)

Toleration Act of 1689

granted rights to worship for Protestant non-conformists (Ex: Quakers, Puritans)

Act of Union (1707)

united England and Scotland to create Great Britain

Deism

God had created the universe but then stepped away and did not govern us

John Locke Beliefs

Belief that humans are fundamentally good

The Encyclopedia

France and the Church banned it, mainly because it emphasized science and reason

Beccaria Beliefs

Crime should be persecuted based on damage done to society

Adam Smith Beliefs

He refined a laissez-faire economy

Salon movement

Enlightenment thinkers would gather and discuss their ideas.

Neonatalism

The promoting of population growth by countries

Neoclassicism

They wanted to return to Renaissance art. Characteristics - simplicity, balance, symmetry, and restraint

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

There existed certain natural of inalienable rights of the people

Napoleonic Civil Code

The civil code that stated Equality before the law, freedom of religion and a secular state, property rights, abolished serfdom. But wealth still determined status

Continental System

Its goal was to starve out Britain by stopping all trade with Britain in Europe, but it was a major failure

Confederation of the Rhine

When the French lost land to the Germans, they began to feel German Nationalism

Poorhouses

Poorhouses gave work to the unemployed. They were made to have intentionally bad conditions to promote people getting better jobs

Factory Act of 1833

They passed what ages could work, and for how long they could work for a day

Prince Klemens von Metternich, in the Congress of Vienna

Was created to maintain a balance of power

Romanticism

Emphasizing emotion over reason

Reform Bill of 1832

Increased voters as well as equaled both houses in Parliament in terms of power

Revolutions of 1848 lead to

Universal male suffrage in France, the abolishment of serfdom in Austria and Germany, and would lead to the eventual unification of Germany and Italy

Utopian socialism

Socialism grew in popularity such that it wanted greater economic quality, planned by the government

Marx, in the Communist Manifesto had 7 major points

That throughout history, power was determined by economy. there was always a struggle between the rich and poor. A worker’s value is determined by goods produced in a capitalist system. Socialism is inevitable. One day the proletariat would rise up violently against the bourgeoisie. They would eventually create a classes society. And end nations as they bred exploitation

The second industrial revolution focused one

Steel production, oil, electricity, and chemicals

Louis Pasteur achievements

Germ theory and pasteurize foods

Charles darwin achievements

Proposed the theory of evolution, where everyone struggle for survival

The Age of Realpolitik

Realpolitik (politics based on the needs of the state) and not idealism

The characteristics of the The Age of Mass Politics

Universal male suffrage AND emerging welfare states

Women’s rights movements called for

Was when Women’s rights movements called for women to be able to divorce, inherit property, and go to university. Voting was the way to secure these rights

Zionism

Belief that the Jews should create the Jewish state of Palestine

The New Imperialism

Focused on Africa and Asia.

WWI began the year of

Blank check, austrian heir, archduke franz ferdinand, Black Hand, Pan slavism

Battle of the Marne and WWI

Ended when French resiliency, failure of the Schlieffen Plan (rapidly defeat France then conquer Russia)

In WWI which technological advancements were used?

machine guns, tanks, planes (air fights, bombs, machine guns on them), poison gas, submarines, and radio

During WWI, Balfour note…

Said Jews and Arabs would gain autonomy, which was contradictory

Wilson’s 14 Points During WWI

Called for self-determination of Eastern European countries, and a meeting to found a League of Nations

WWI created collapse of the old order, the first communist party, and what else?

Where Russia left from the war (treaty of Brest-Litovsk) as well as the lost generation, and so many deaths along with political unruliness.

Alexander I of Russia called his Holy Alliance

To stop liberalism

Nicholas I of Russia

Nicholas I became the most reactionary monarch, suppressing liberalism for autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality

The Social Democratic Workers Party believed

Violence and that a small, revolutionary elite would have to lead.

The February Revolution in 1917 was mainly because of

Nicholas’s Poor leadership, Russo-Japanese War, the mysterious Rasputin's control through Czarina Alexandra, famine/starvation, and calls for socialism

After the October Revolution the Leninites were

They took Russia out of WWI with the treaty of Brest-Litovsk and were the Bokshelvisk with secret police (Cheka) to arrest anyone that opposed them

Bolsheviks party

Called for violent destruction of capitalism, replacing it with socialism, and the need for discipline to do so

NEP-New Economic Policy and the Krotstadt rebellion

In order to deal with economic problems of the civil war lenin needed

The prevailing feeling of the time was

Pessimism due to WWI.

National Socialists (Nazis) came to power under the promise of providing what?

German pride in their country

The Great Depression was caused by?

Weak worldwide/ economy

New Deal in the USA led to

Government involvement in the economy

How Totalitarian States differ from Royal Houses

Wanted to stop change and limit people’s involvement. Relied on support from the aristocracy and other elites. They were also limited by the technology of the time.

Why did Fascism start in Italy

Was a result of the Versailles conditions.

Why did WW2 appeal to Germans?

Was because it restored Germany’s status back to the state they were accustomed to

During WW2 why did the English overlook Russia’s flaws?

The British/English needed Russia to fight the Germans

What was the Truman Doctrine main goal?

This was the US containment plan for the world to avoid nuclear warfare

WHY did the US make peace with Russia

Because their focus was no longer Russia, instead they had other issues (china, nuclear war).

Hyperinflation of the 1920 -Germany

Germany could not pay its war debts as described through the treaty of Versailles. As punishment, they took land, leading to the hyperinflation and subsequent re-establishment of Germany as the power.