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Personality Pyschology
Studies individual differences in characteristics patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Social Psychology
Studies how people think about, influence, and relate to one another
Person Perception
The process of forming impressions of others
Attribution theory
Explains how people determine the cause of behavior (either internal traits or external traits)
Fundamental Attribution Error
When analyzing another’s behavior, we tend to underestimate the impact of the situation, and overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Actor-observer bias
Blaming external factors for our own behavior but internal traits for others’s behavior
Just-world phenomenon
The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Prejudice
An unjustifiable, negative attitude toward a group and its members
Stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Social identity
The part of our self-concept that comes from group memberships
Ingroup
“us”; the group that we identify with
Outgroup
“them”; those seen as different from or apart from our group
Ingroup bias
Favoring one’s own group
Scapegoat Theory
Prejudice offers an outlet for angry by providing someone to blame
Other-race effect
The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than those other other races
Attidues
Feelings, often influenced by beliefs, that affect how we respond to people or events
Foot in the door phenomenon
Agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a larger one later
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
When our thoughts and actions don’t match, we feel tension and try to reduce it (often by changing our attitude)
Peripheral Route Persuasion
Influenced by incidental cues, like a speaker’s attractiveness
Central Route Persuasion
Uses evidence and arguments to trigger careful thinking
Norms
Expected behaviors in a culture or group
Conformity
Adjusting behavior or thinking to match a group standard
Normative social influence
Conforming to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational social influence
Conforming because you believe others’ opinions are correct
Social facilitation
Improved performance on easy tasks in the presence of others
Social loafing
Putting in less effort when working in a group than when alone
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness & self-restraint in group situations
Group polarization
Members of a group exaggerates their original point of view, after being in a like-minded group
Groupthink
When the desire for harmony in a group leads to poor decision-making
Tight culture
Has strong norms and little tolerance for deviance
Loos culture
Has weaker norms and grater acceptance of differences
Frustration-aggression principle
Frustration creates anger, which can spark aggressive
Mere exposure effect
Repeated exposure to something increases liking for it
Reciprocity norm
Expectation that people will help those who have helped them
Social-responsbility norm
Expectation to help those who depend on us
Door in the face Phenomenon
Starting with a large unreasonable request that is likely to be refused, then following it with a smaller, more reasonable request to increase the chances of compliance
Individualism culture
Priority is given to one’s own goals over the group goal
Collectivism Culture
The goal of the group is the priority, even if it comes at the expense of the individual
Situation
Where you are
Disposition
Who you are
Peronsal Space
Buffer zone we like to maintain around our body
Social inhibition
The presence of others causes use to do worse; decreased performance on well earned tasks
Diffusion of responsibility
It’s not my problem, someone else will handle it
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others