Unit 2 - Social Psychology

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45 Terms

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Personality Pyschology

Studies individual differences in characteristics patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

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Social Psychology

Studies how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

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Person Perception

The process of forming impressions of others

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Attribution theory 

Explains how people determine the cause of behavior  (either internal traits or external traits) 

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Fundamental Attribution Error

When analyzing another’s behavior, we tend to underestimate the impact of the situation, and overestimate the impact of personal disposition 

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Actor-observer bias

Blaming external factors for our own behavior but internal traits for others’s behavior

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Just-world phenomenon

The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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Prejudice

An unjustifiable, negative attitude toward a group and its members

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Stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

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Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

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Social identity

The part of our self-concept that comes from group memberships

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Ingroup

“us”; the group that we identify with 

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Outgroup

“them”; those seen as different from or apart from our group 

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Ingroup bias

Favoring one’s own group

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Scapegoat Theory

Prejudice offers an outlet for angry by providing someone to blame

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Other-race effect

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than those other other races

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Attidues

Feelings, often influenced by beliefs, that affect how we respond to people or events

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Foot in the door phenomenon

Agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a larger one later

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

When our thoughts and actions don’t match, we feel tension and try to reduce it (often by changing our attitude)

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Peripheral Route Persuasion

Influenced by incidental cues, like a speaker’s attractiveness

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Central Route Persuasion

Uses evidence and arguments to trigger careful thinking

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Norms

Expected behaviors in a culture or group

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Conformity 

Adjusting behavior or thinking to match a group standard

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Normative social influence 

Conforming to gain approval or avoid disapproval 

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Informational social influence

Conforming because you believe others’ opinions are correct

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Social facilitation

Improved performance on easy tasks in the presence of others

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Social loafing

Putting in less effort when working in a group than when alone

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Deindividuation   

Loss of self-awareness & self-restraint in group situations 

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Group polarization 

Members of a group exaggerates their original point of view, after being in a like-minded group

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Groupthink

When the desire for harmony in a group leads to poor decision-making

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Tight culture

Has strong norms and little tolerance for deviance

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Loos culture

Has weaker norms and grater acceptance of differences

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Frustration-aggression principle

Frustration creates anger, which can spark aggressive

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Mere exposure effect

Repeated exposure to something increases liking for it

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Reciprocity norm

Expectation that people will help those who have helped them

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Social-responsbility norm

Expectation to help those who depend on us

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Door in the face Phenomenon

Starting with a large unreasonable request that is likely to be refused, then following it with a smaller, more reasonable request to increase the chances of compliance

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Individualism culture

Priority is given to one’s own goals over the group goal

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Collectivism Culture 

The goal of the group is the priority, even if it comes at the expense of the individual 

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Situation

Where you are

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Disposition

Who you are

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Peronsal Space

Buffer zone we like to maintain around our body

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Social inhibition

The presence of others causes use to do worse; decreased performance on well earned tasks

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Diffusion of responsibility 

It’s not my problem, someone else will handle it 

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Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others