PSYC 360 -- Chapter 1 through 5

Statistical infrequency

Rare behaviors may indicate a psychological disorder.

Violation of norms

Behaviors that deviate from societal expectations.

Personal distress

Emotional suffering affecting oneself or others.

Disability/dysfunction

Inability of a trait to perform its function.

Unexpectedness

Behavior outside the expected range of responses.

Harmful dysfunction

Dysfunction deemed undesirable by society.

Clinical psychologist

PhD or PsyD professional who cannot prescribe medication.

Psychiatrist

Medical doctor who can prescribe medication.

Social worker

Professional trained in group and family therapy.

Marriage and Family therapist

Counselor with varying degrees and qualifications.

Psychoanalyst

Professional trained in Freudian methods.

Demonology

Belief that mental illness is caused by supernatural forces.

Somatogenic perspective

Disorders caused by bodily imbalances.

The Dark Ages

Period characterized by moral views on mental illness.

Asylum Movement

Transition of leprosy hospitals to mental health facilities.

Humanitarian Perspective

Focus on humane treatment of the mentally ill.

Emil Kraepelin

Pioneered classification of psychiatric disorders.

Psychogenic perspective

Focus on psychological causes of mental disorders.

Great Person Model

Influential figures change the course of inquiry.

Zeitgeist

Spirit of the times influencing scientific development.

Paradigms

Guiding theories shaping scientific thought.

Freud's hydraulic model

Life energy flows between psychic structures.

ID

Pleasure-driven part of the psyche.

EGO

Mediator between reality and desires.

SUPER EGO

Moral compass of the psyche.

Libidinal energy

Energy driving the ID's desires.

Neurotic anxiety

Anxiety from conflicts between psychic structures.

Childhood importance

Early experiences shape future psychological outcomes.

Nonscientific critique

Freud's theories lack empirical measurement.

Ineffective therapy

Psychoanalytic methods often do not yield results.

Behavioral theory

What emerges from the aftermath of Freud's collapsed paradigm.

Unobservable

Phenomena that cannot be empirically tested.

Unconditioned stimulus

Stimulus that requires no learning, automatic and involuntary action.

Unconditioned response

Response that also requires no learning.

Conditioned stimulus

Stimulus that needs learning to interact with it.

Conditioned response

Response that is learned through the pairing of a stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Law of effect

Demonstrates that if a behavior is followed by unpleasant consequences, it will be unlearned and discontinued.

Positive reinforcement

Giving something good, such as getting an A after studying.

Negative reinforcement

Taking away something bad, such as taking Aspirin to relieve a headache.

Escape conditioning

Behavior that allows an individual to escape from a negative situation.

Positive punishment

Giving something bad, such as a speeding ticket for speeding.

Negative punishment

Taking away something good, such as a timeout.

Vicarious learning

Learning that can occur without direct experience, focusing on internal experiences.

Schemas

Rules or guidelines that give us information about the world around us.

Hostile Attribution bias

Feeling as if the world is against you.

Psychopathology

Skinner would say it results from not learning the right responses; cognitive psychologists say it results from having the wrong mental schemas.

Learned helplessness

A schema that can lead to depression, which is only active when the person is depressed.

Biological paradigm

Says that pathopsychology is due to literal biological problems.

Behavior Genetics

Studies behavioral similarity in relation to genetic similarity.

Adoption study

Finds related individuals who never lived together to see if they are similar in diagnosis.

Twin method

Examines whether twins are more likely to share disorders or disorder conditions.

Reductionism

When something is made too simplistic for its nature.

Diathesis

Inherent vulnerability that can be inherited or acquired.

Stressor

An environmental factor that interacts with diathesis in mental health.

Biosocial paradigm

A mix of biological and social factors focusing on genetic factors and biochemistry.

Threshold

Point where stress leads to disorder.

Vulnerability

Individual predisposition to mental health issues.

Biological Paradigm

Focus on genetic factors in psychopathology.

Behavioral Paradigm

Emphasizes reinforcement history in mental health.

Negative Life Events

Adverse occurrences impacting mental health.

Stigma

Negative perception associated with mental health labels.

Cultural Bias

Influence of cultural values on disorder classification.

Implicit Bias

Unconscious attitudes affecting diagnosis and treatment.

Pathology

Labeling behaviors as disordered or abnormal.

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

ICD-10

International Classification of Diseases, WHO's system.

Freudian Theory

Psychopathology based on psychoanalytic concepts.

Kraepelinian Approach

Focus on clinical observation for diagnosis.

Neuroses

Anxiety disorders from id/ego/superego conflicts.

Psychoses

Loss of reality due to severe psychological conflict.

Multi-Axial System

DSM 3 and 4's classification across five axes.

Axis 1

Acute mental illnesses excluding personality disorders.

Axis 2

Chronic personality disorders and mental retardation.

Axis 3

Physical symptoms related to mental disorders.

Axis 4

Current stressors affecting mental health.

Axis 5

Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score.

Single Axis

DSM 5's unified approach to diagnosis.

Etiology

Study of disorder origins and causes.

Consensus

Agreement among professionals on classification.

Clinical Observation

Diagnosis based on observed symptoms.

Social Phobia

Intense fear of social situations.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Chronic anxiety without specific triggers.

Psychodynamic Theory

Focus on internal conflicts in personality.

Anxiety Disorder

Characterized by excessive fear or anxiety.

Mood Disorder

Disorder primarily affecting emotional state.

DSM 4

Previous edition classifying disorders by fear or anxiety.

DSM 5

Current edition focusing on etiology for classifications.

Diseasification

Reframing mental disorders within a medical model.

Reliability

Consistency of measurement results over time.

Inter Rater Reliability

Agreement among different clinicians on diagnoses.

Validity

Accuracy of a measurement instrument.

Clinical Interview

Initial step in gathering patient information.

Structured Interview

Pre-set questions ensuring uniformity across clients.

Unstructured Interview

Flexible interview based on clinician's experience.

Standardization

Objective baseline for measuring normative scores.

Normative Group

Representative group for comparative statements.

Objective Test

Structured questionnaires measuring personality attributes.

MMPI

Test with clinical and validity scales.

Projective Test

Unstructured test using ambiguous stimuli.

Behavioral Assessment

Observations linking environment and behavior.