Chemistry - Lesson 1 - Particle Theory

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Energy

The ability to do work or cause change

State of matter

The physical form of matter based on particle arrangement and movement

Solid

A state of matter with tightly packed particles, strong attraction, definite shape, and definite volume

Liquid

A state of matter with particles that slide past each other, weaker attraction, definite volume, and no definite shape

Gas

A state of matter with particles far apart, very weak attraction, no definite shape, and no definite volume

Plasma

A high-energy state of matter made of charged particles

Particle theory

A theory that explains the behavior of matter using particles and their motion

Rule 1 of particle theory

All matter is made of particles

Rule 2 of particle theory

Particles are always moving

Rule 3 of particle theory

There are tiny spaces between particles

Rule 4 of particle theory

Heating causes particles to move faster and gain thermal energy

Rule 5 of particle theory

Cooling causes particles to move slower and lose thermal energy

Rule 6 of particle theory

Particles are attracted to each other

Particle movement in solids

Particles vibrate in fixed positions

Particle movement in liquids

Particles slide past each other

Particle movement in gases

Particles move freely and randomly

Forces of attraction

The pull between particles that holds matter together

Bonds (particle theory)

Another term for forces of attraction between particles, not specific chemical bonds

Thermal energy

Energy related to the temperature of a substance

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion; increases as particles move faster

Melting

The change of state from solid to liquid

Freezing

The change of state from liquid to solid

Boiling

The change of state from liquid to gas

Condensation

The change of state from gas to liquid

Melting point

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid

Boiling point

The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas

Flow

The ability of a substance to move and take the shape of its container

Pressure

The force of particles colliding with the walls of a container

Volume

The amount of space a substance takes up

Heating a gas in a fixed container

Particle speed increases and pressure increases

Heating a gas in an expandable container

Particle speed increases and volume increases