yedhava's clinical skills

hip flexion ROM

0-100 (125)

hip extension ROM

0-10 (30)

hip flexion axis

lateral hip over greater trochanter

hip flexion SA

parallel to long axis of trunk in line with greater trochanter

hip flexion MA

lateral midline of femur in line with lateral epicondyle

hip extension axis

lateral hip over greater trochanter

hip extension SA

parallel to long axis of trunk in line with greater trochanter

hip extension MA

lateral midline of femur in line with lateral epicondyle

hip abduction ROM

0-40 (50)

hip adduction ROM

0-20 (30)

hip abduction axis

ASIS

hip abduction SA

horizontal line from ASIS to ASIS

hip abduction MA

anterior with midline of femur, in line with midline of patella

hip adduction axis

ASIS

hip adduction SA

horizontal line from ASIS to ASIS

hip adduction MA

anterior with midline of femur in line with midline of patella

hip internal rotation ROM

0-40 (50)

hip external rotation ROM

0-40 (50)

hip internal rotation axis

anterior mid-patella

hip internal rotation SA

perpendicular to floor

hip internal rotation MA

anterior of tibia midway between malleoli

hip external rotation axis

anterior mid-patella

hip external rotation SA

perpendicular to the floor

hip external rotation MA

anterior of tibia midway between malleoli

knee flexion ROM

0-135 (150)

knee extension ROM

0 (or 5 hyperextension)

knee flexion axis

lateral epicondyle of femur

knee flexion SA

parallel to lateral midline of femur in line with greater trochanter

knee flexion MA

lateral at midline of fibula in line with lateral malleolus

knee extension axis

lateral epicondyle of femur

knee extension SA

parallel to lateral midline of femur in line with greater trochanter

knee extension MA

lateral at midline of fibula in line with lateral malleolus

dorsiflexion ROM

0-20 

plantarflexion ROM

0-40 (50)

dorsiflexion axis

slightly inferior to lateral malleolus

dorsiflexion SA

midline of lateral aspect of lower leg in line with head of fibula

dorsiflexion MA

parallel to 5th metatarsal

plantarflexion axis

slightly inferior to lateral malleolus

plantarflexion SA

midline of lateral aspect of lower leg in line with head of fibula

plantarflexion MA

parallel to 5th metatarsal

ankle inversion ROM

0-20

ankle eversion ROM

0-10

ankle inversion axis

proximal to achilles tendon insertion

ankle inversion SA

midline of lateral aspect of lower leg

ankle inversion MA

midline of calcaneus

ankle eversion axis

proximal to achilles tendon insertion

ankle eversion SA

midline of lateral aspect of lower leg

ankle eversion MA

midline of calcaneus

navicular drop test supinated foot

< 5mm

navicular drop test neutral foot

5-9mm

navicular drop test pronated foot

> 10mm

wrist flexion ROM

0-60(80)

wrist extension ROM

0-60(70)

wrist flexion axis

distal to styloid process of ulna/over lateral aspect of wrist over triquetrum

wrist flexion SA

parallel to and over lateral midline of ulna in line with olecranon

wrist flexion MA

along lateral midline of 5th metacarpal

wrist extension axis

distal to styloid process of ulna/over lateral aspect of wrist over triquetrum

wrist extension SA

parallel to and over lateral midline of ulna in line with olecranon process

wrist extension MA

along lateral midline of 5th metacarpal

ulnar deviation ROM

0-30(35)

radial deviation ROM

0-20

ulnar deviation axis

distal to styloid process of ulna/over lateral aspect of writst over triquetrum

ulnar deviation SA

parallel to and over lateral midline of ulna in line with olecranon

ulnar deviation MA

along lateral midline of 5th metacarpal

radial deviation axis

midline of anterior wrist

radial deviation SA

midline of anterior forearm in line with lateral epicondyle of humerus

radial deviation MA

along midline of 3rd metacarpal

forearm supination ROM

0-80(90)

forearm pronation ROM

0-80(90)

forearm supination axis

medial to styloid process of ulna

forearm supination SA

parallel to anterior midline of humerus

forearm supination MA

across anterior aspect of wrist on line between and proximal to styloid process of radius and ulna

forearm pronation axis

lateral to ulnar styloid process

forearm pronation SA

parallel to anterior midline of humerus

forearm pronation MA

across posterior wrist on line between and proximal to styloid process of radius and ulna

elbow flexion ROM

0-140

elbow extension ROM

0 (- if hyperextension)

elbow flexion axis

lateral epicondyle of humerus

elbow flexion SA

midline of humerus

elbow flexion MA

imaginary line from radial head to styloid process of radius

elbow extension axis

lateral epicondyle of humerus

elbow extension SA

midline of humerus

elbow extension MA

imaginary line from radial heaf to styloid process of radius

shoulder flexion ROM

0-180

shoulder extension ROM

0-60

shoulder flexion axis

acromian process

shoulder flexion SA

mid-axillary line of trunk

shoulder flexion MA

lateral midline of humerus

shoulder extension axis

acromion process

shoulder extension SA

mid-axillary line of trunk

shoulder extension MA

lateral midline of humerus

shoulder abduction ROM

0-180

shoulder adduction ROM

0-30

shoulder abduction axis

anterior portion of acromion

shoulder abduction SA

lateral aspect of chest parallel to sternum

shoulder abduction MA

anterior aspect of arm parallel to midline of humerus

shoulder adduction axis

anterior portion of acromion

shoulder adduction SA

lateral aspect of chest parallel to sternum

shoulder adduction MA

anterior aspect of arm parallel to midline of humerus

shoulder external rotation ROM

0-90