Pysch2

Exam

adler

Inferiority complex, psychoanalytic, neo-freudian psychologist who developed a theory of personality which emphasized our unconscious feelings of inferiority and our desire to continually strive for superiority

ainsworth

theorist that studied types of attachment by use of the strange situation test, infant attachment styles, strange situation test

allport

Trait Approach-cardinal, central, secondary, was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of the personality, and is often referred to as one of the founding figures of personality psychology, created a highly influential three-tiered hierarchy of personality traits, consisting of: Cardinal traits: Rare, but strongly deterministic of behavior. Central traits: Present to varying degrees in all people. Central traits influence, but do not determine, an individual's behavior

asch

researcher famous for line study of conformity, series of studies directed by Solomon Asch studying if and how individuals yielded to or defied a majority group and the effect of such influences on beliefs and opinions, considered a pioneer of social psychology and Gestalt psychology. 5 His conformity experiments demonstrated the power of social influence and still serve as a source of inspiration for social psychology researchers today

Atkinson-Shiffrin

Information Processing Model \-- to encode, store and retrieve, The multi-store model of memory (also known as the modal model) was proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968) and is a structural model. They proposed that memory consisted of three stores: a sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).

bandura

Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-cognitive theory, Bobo doll experiment, groundbreaking study on aggression led by psychologist Albert Bandura that demonstrated that children are able to learn through the observation of adult behavior

binet

published first useful test of general mental ability; broke kids up into 'bright' and 'dull' by how they compared with both their chronological age and mental age, was tasked with finding a way to distinguish children with cognitive impairments to ensure they received the educational services they needed

baumrind

Studied the relationship between parental style and discipline, parenting styles, authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive

Cattell

fluid and crystallized intelligence

chomsky

Believed language was innate; developmental theorist, language acquisition device

darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection

ebbinghaus

created the forgetting curve and serial position effect in memory

eckman

found that anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally expressed emotions, the first person to study human emotions and how it could be related to facial expressions, inspired the development of the Facial Action Coding System, identified the six basic emotions as anger, surprise, disgust, enjoyment, fear, and sadness, universal nature of facial expressions

ellis and beck

cognitive psychologists; change assumptions and thinking processes, developed cognitive therapy, each of us hold a unique set of assumptions about ourselves and our world that serve to guide us through life and determine our reactions to the various situations we encounter.

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

eysenck

Trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism, a theory of personality based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment

freud

psychoanalysis, development of the theory and practice of psychoanalysis, developed a set of therapeutic techniques centered on talk therapy that involved the use of strategies such as transference, free association, and dream interpretation

garcia

taste aversion, best known for discovering exceptions to the process of learning by classical conditioning, Taste aversion is a learned response to eating spoiled or toxic food, demonstrated that a rat would associate a taste, but not a light or sound, with illness.

Gardner

wanted to broaden definition of intelligence, created 8 types of intelligence (Logical Mathematical, Linguistic, Musical, Spatial, body kinesthetic, intrapersonal (self), interpersonal (others), and naturalist)

gilligan

Examined moral differences between boys and girls based on social rules and on ethic of caring and responsibility, argued that girls exhibit distinct patterns of moral development based on relationships and on feelings of care and responsibility for others

harlow

researcher that highlighted the importance of physical contact comfort in the formation of attachments with parents (monkeys), monkey studies, attachment, contact comfort

horney

developed a theory based on basic anxiety; rejected the concept of penis envy, introduced womb envy, neo-freudian feminist, feminine psychology

hull

suggested that all motivation arises as a result of these biological needs. In his theory, Hull used the term drive to refer to the state of tension or arousal caused by biological or physiological needs

james

Functionalism, theoretical perspective on psychology came to be known as functionalism, which sought causal relationships between internal states and external behaviors

carl jung

neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation, collective unconscious

kohler

developed insight learning based on experiments with chimps trying to get bananas, Insight learning is the sudden understanding of the relation between a problem and a solution. By learning through insight, the correct solution not only appears seemingly out of nowhere but also repeated readily of subsequent presentations of that problem

kohlberg

theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development, Kohlberg posited that moral reasoning develops as a function of cognitive growth and change as well as experiences and interactions with the environment,

loftus

misinformation effect, best known for her work on the misinformation effect and eyewitness memory, and the creation and nature of false memories, including recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse

lorenz

imprinting

maslow

hierarchy of needs

milgram

obedience - people tend to obey authority figures; 60% of participants thought they delivered the max possible level of shock

pavlov

Classical conditioning: dogs, best known in psychology for his discovery of classical conditioning. During his studies on the digestive systems of dogs, Pavlov noted that the animals salivated naturally upon the presentation of food.

piaget

theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development, stage theory of devlopment, Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years. Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7. Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11. Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up.

rogers

Client-centered; unconditional positive regard, one of the founders of humanistic psychology. He developed the person-centered, also known as client-centered, approach to psychotherapy and developed the concept of unconditional positive regard while pioneering the field of clinical psychological research.

robert rescorla

learning- developed contingency model of classical conditioning, The ability of a stimulus to predict a consequence affects its ability to shape behavior.

Schachter-Singer Theory

A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced.

seligman

learned helplessness, discovered that when people feel they have no control over their situation, they tend to give up rather than fight for control. His research on helplessness and pessimism had important implications in the prevention and treatment of depression

selye

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative, alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

skinner

operant conditioning, proponent of the behaviourist theory of learning in which learning is a process of 'conditioning' in an environment of stimulus, reward and punishment, skinner box with rats

spearman

proposed that general intelligence is linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis (he made up factor analysis) - g factor, general intelligence

sternberg

triarchic theory of intelligence (analytical, creative, practical)

tolman

Latent learning; cognitive maps, studied rats, Latent learning is to learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so. Tolman argued that the rats had formed a "cognitive map" of the maze but did not demonstrate this knowledge until they received reinforcement

terman

Created the Stanford-Binet intelligence test based on the Binet original, also did a longitudinal study of gifted children

thorndike

contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors, significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory

watson

Behaviorism; "Little Albert Study"; aversion therapy, remembered for his research on the conditioning process. Watson is also known for the Little Albert experiment, in which he demonstrated that a child could be conditioned to fear a previously neutral stimulus.

wechsler

developed the WAIS and WISC - most commonly used today

whorf

linguistic determinism, a cognitive linguist who is most famous for his idea that the language you speak affects the way that you view and think about the world, otherwise known as linguistic relativity or the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

wundt

father of psychology, introspection, structuralism, started first lab

Yerkes-Dodson

developed Yerkes-Dodson law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal, The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests that there is a relationship between performance and arousal. Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes.

zimbardo

Stanford Prison Experiment/Lucifer Effect - Role Playing: People take on the role of what they feel are proper for the situation

"surrogate mother" study and the role of contact comfort

harlow

created operant chambers to test operant conditioning

skinner

believed people are born with a language acquisition device

chomsky

multiple intelligence theory

Gardner

theory of emotion that include cognitive labeling

schachter-singer

revised the original intelligence test at stanford university

terman

learned helplessness in animals and depression

seligman

known for cognitive theory effective with depression

beck

american mental health reformer

dix

humanist who developed client-centered therapy

rogers

stage theory of cognitive development

piaget

bobo doll experiment

bandura

neo-freudian who focused on the inferiority complex

adler

killed a bunch of rats to discover general adaption syndrome

selye

psychosocial stage theory of development

erikson

universal nature of facial expressions

eckman

research team who found "feature detectors" in the brain

hubel and wiesel

moral development in femals rivaled the male-centered theory of the day

gilligan

first psychology laboratory in leipzig, germany

wundt

known for her work with parenting styles

baumrind

humanism and the hierarchy of needs

maslow

conformity and lines experiment

asch

a "shocking" study of obedience

milgram

created the most widely used intelligence tests today - WAIS and WISC

weschler

critic of piaget, developed the zone of proximal development

vygotsky

discovered baby chicks form immediate attachments, imprinting

lorenz

memory is not as accurate as we believe

loftus

worked with split brain patients

sperry + gazzaniga

psychoanalytic school of thought that the belief in the unconscious

freud

the strange situation and attachment

ainsworth

conducted the stanford prison study

zimbardo

created the law that explains the just noticeable difference

weber

memory and the forgetting curve

ebbinghaus

developed puzzle boxes with cats to demonstrate learning

thorndike

created the first intelligence test in france

binet

naturalist known for evolution

darwin

triarchic theory of intelligence

sternberg

known for taste aversion studies in rats

garcia

discovered area of brain known for speaking

broca

created g-factor intelligence

spearman

three stages of morality - preconventional, conventional, postconventional

kohlberg

neo-freudian who explored the collective unconscious

jung

latent learning

tolman

discovered classical conditioning in dogs

pavlov

psychodynamic approach

unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences, one of the oldest approaches still used today, developed by sigmund freud

strength of psychodynamic approach

flexible theory that can't really be proven wrong, because you can't prove something like unconscious doesn't exist, we all know we have random urges and thoughts that come from somewhere

limitation of psychodynamic approach

theory isn't very scientific, this approach attempts to study the hidden part of the mind which we can't really study

behavioral approach

came about in opposition of psychodynamic approach, instead of examining a possible non-existent unconscious this approach looks at things that can be measured, counted and recorded like reflexes and behaviors, started accidentally by ivan pavlov

who started the behavioral approach

started accidentally by ivan pavlov

who helped develop the psychodynamic approach

sigmund freud