Rewilding the word II study guide questions

What is the difference between a peace park and a paper park?

A peace park is a transboundary protected area that is formally dedicated to international cooperation and peace. A paper park, in contrast, exists only on paper, lacking effective implementation of conservation measures and often suffering from encroachment,resource extraction, and other threats due to insufficient funding, staffing, and political will.

Examples of current peace parks

Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe), Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (South Africa and Botswana).

What are major challenges to peace parks?

Political instability, differing national policies, lack of funding, community displacement, wildlife-livelihood conflicts, and military presence in some regions.

What is the IUCN’s role in peace parks?

IUCN supports the concept of Transboundary Protected Areas for Peace and Co-operation, promoting cross-border collaboration in biodiversity conservation.

What are CAMPFIRE and ADMADE? What problems did they face?

Community-based conservation programs in Zimbabwe (CAMPFIRE) and Zambia (ADMADE). Faced corruption, mismanagement, and unequal benefit distribution.

Who wrote The Ecologically Noble Savage and what is its argument?

Kent Redford; it critiques the romanticized idea that Indigenous people always live in perfect harmony with nature, which can lead to unrealistic conservation policies.

What argument is made in The Myth of Wild Africa?

authors Adams and McShane argue that African conservation must include development and benefit local people to succeed.

What were Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs)?

World Bank-led efforts to align environmental conservation with economic development. Often failed due to weak implementation and lack of local involvement.

Who was Dian Fossey and what was Gorillas in the Mist?

Fossey was a primatologist who studied and protected mountain gorillas. Her memoir Gorillas in the Mist raised global awareness but her militant conservationism alienated locals.

Why were veterinary control fences used and what problems did they cause?

Used to stop disease transmission between wildlife and livestock. They disrupted migrations, harmed ecosystems, and hindered the formation of peace parks.

What was Anton Rupert’s contribution to conservation?

A South African businessman who founded the Peace Parks Foundation to promote cross-border conservation; advocated for 'Africa without fences.'

What did Robert Mugabe mean by “every species must pay its way to survival”?

Conservation should generate economic benefit to be viable, particularly through tourism or sustainable use.

How does poverty affect conservation in the developing world

People struggling with poverty often prioritize immediate survival needs over long-term conservation, leading to resource exploitation and resistance to top-down projects

What were initial problems with the Great Limpopo

Poor coordination between nations, lack of infrastructure, community displacement, and unresolved land rights.

What countries are involved in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park

South Africa, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe

Why are elephants considered important forest engineers?

They shape landscapes by knocking down trees, dispersing seeds, and creating habitats for other species

Why are elephants sometimes a problem for local villages?

They damage crops, compete for water, destroy infrastructure, and pose safety threats to people.

What is meant by 'psychobiological trauma' in elephants

Elephants experience emotional trauma, especially after poaching or culling, which affects their behavior and social structure.

What management techniques were considered for elephant overpopulation?

Culling, translocation, contraception, and habitat expansion through transboundary parks.

What is Coutada 16 and why is it important?

A former hunting concession in Mozambique; has potential for conservation and ecotourism as part of Limpopo.

What was the Great Elephant Indaba?

A conference to address the controversial topic of elephant culling in South Africa.

How are elephants in Kruger NP compared to elk in US wildlife refuges?

Both are protected megafauna that can overpopulate and cause ecosystem imbalance without predators or management.

How are ranchers in Catron County like villagers in Southern Africa?

Both experience wildlife-related conflicts and resent government conservation mandates that affect their livelihoods.

How did Anton Rupert’s death affect the PPF?

it created a leadership vacuum and stalled the momentum of peace park initiatives.

Why did Limpopo ultimately fail?

Due to unequal benefits, South African dominance, poor community engagement, land disputes, and criticisms of 'economic imperialism.'

What was the original purpose of the Giriyondo Gate and what happened instead

It was intended to allow wildlife migration and ecotourism, but ended up mainly facilitating vehicle traffic and border crossing.

What is the Transfrontier Conservation Area Route (TFCA), and what are its problems

A cross-border tourism and conservation route. Critics argue it is more about marketing than real conservation, and it lacks community benefit and ecological planning.

What countries are involved in the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area (TFCA)

Mozambique, South Africa, and Eswatini (Swaziland)

Why was the Lubombo TFCA more successful than Limpopo?

It involved local communities from the beginning, had unique attractions per reserve, created jobs, and built community support

How did Roelie Kloppers link conservation to poverty alleviation?

He focused on job creation, tourism development, and empowering communities as stakeholders in conservation

What was the conflict between Tembe and Ndumo (the "Little Okavango")

Tembe was successful and inclusive, while Ndumo faced conflict due to displacing local people without adequate compensation or involvemen

What is the Bhekabantu Community Conservation Area

A locally managed reserve formed through community-driven conservation efforts, showing a successful grassroots model

How does the TFCA route differ from the Lubombo Tourism Route

the TFCA route emphasized ecological connectivity; the tourism route focused more on marketable travel experiences and profit

What is the Royal Jozini Big Six, and what analogy is used to describe it?

A luxury private development likened to Walt Disney World; it's a challenge to Lubombo’s inclusive model due to exclusivity and wealth-based access.

What countries are involved in the Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) TFCA?

ngola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Why is the Okavango Delta important to the KAZA project?

It is the chief water source and provides vital ecosystem services like flood control, habitat, and tourism.

What promises were made about KAZA’s approach to conservation?

It would include local communities, offer integrated development plans, and promote sustainable tourism.

Why is Botswana considered the economic anchor of KAZA

Botswana has stable governance, strong tourism infrastructure, and a proven track record of conservation success.

Why are crocodiles considered keystone and indicator species in the Okavango Delta

hey reflect the health of aquatic ecosystems and play critical roles in maintaining ecological balance.

What did Alison Leslie, Kevin Wallace, and Audrey Detoeuf-Boulade’s research reveal about crocodile populations?

sing mark-recapture and stage-based modeling, they showed population declines linked to habitat loss and environmental stress

What are the multiple roles of the Krokovango Crocodile Farm?

It serves agriculture (crocodile farming), supports wildlife conservation, and provides research opportunities—linking economy, environment, and education

Who is Mike Chase, and what is his view on KAZA

Founder of Elephants Without Borders. While originally supportive of KAZA, Chase has grown critical of its delays and lack of follow-through on inclusive goals.