Maddox- History Semester Exam

John Locke

An English philosopher and political theorist known for his philosophy of life, liberty, and property that should be protected by the government.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Provided for lawful and orderly settlement of western lands and a systematic means for territories to become states with equal rights.

The Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution written by James Madison, addressing fears of a powerful federal government threatening individual liberties.

Transcontinental Railroad

A national project to connect the booming East Coast with the resource-rich West, serving as a vital transportation route.

Homestead Act of 1862

A U.S. law that granted 160 acres of free land to settlers who would live on and improve it for five years.

Machines and Farming

Advancements like steel plows and tractors increased farming productivity but created struggles for small farmers against large farms.

Wounded Knee Creek

Site of the 1890 massacre where U.S. soldiers killed hundreds of Lakota Sioux, marking the end of major native resistance.

Primary Source

An item created during the examined time, providing first-hand evidence such as diaries or photographs.

Carlisle Indian School

A boarding school aimed at helping Native American children learn European American culture.

Dawes Act

A law that divided Native American tribal lands into individual plots, resulting in significant land loss for Native Americans.

Gilded Age

A late 19th-century period characterized by a façade of wealth and success, concealing corruption and poverty.

Laissez-faire

An economic policy allowing businesses to operate with little or no government intervention.

Tariff

makes people want to buy local

A tax on imported goods intended to encourage the purchase of U.S.-made products.

Sherman Antitrust Act

The first U.S. law aimed at preventing monopolies and maintaining fair business competition.

Haymarket meeting

“Hey! Don’t go on strike! “

A labor protest in Chicago that became violent, negatively impacting the what the public thought about labor unions.

Immigrant

A person who moves from one country to another to reside permanently.

Nativism

Natives in Arizona are better and should not leave that state.

The belief that native-born citizens are superior and that immigration should be restricted.

Nativist

A person who supports the ideas of nativism and wishes to limit immigration.

Streetcars

Electric or horse-powered vehicles on tracks in cities made cities grow fast urban growth.

Cities growth in the 1800s

Rapid urban expansion due to industrial jobs, immigration, and advancements in transportation.

Social Darwinism

The belief that society grows through competition, justifying economic inequalities.

Political Patronage

(Taco Bell)

A system rewarding political supporters with government jobs, often leading to corruption.

Civil Service Commission

Established by the Pendleton Act to award government jobs based on merit, promoting efficiency.

Interstate Commerce Commission

The first federal agency created to regulate railroad rates and prevent unfair practices.

15th Amendment

“15 African Americans can vote”

Guaranteed the right to vote for African American men, often undermined by discriminatory laws.

Jim Crow era

(bad separation)

A period of racial segregation in the South enforced by local laws after Reconstruction.

14th Amendment

“14 citizens are equal ”

Granted citizenship to all born in the U.S. and ensured equal protection under the law.

Plessy v. Ferguson

separate but equal

The 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a nation's power through territorial expansion or economic influence.

Manifest Destiny (Mrs. B. was destined to be a teacher)

The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the continent, later used to justify overseas expansion.

Big Stick Diplomacy (Brandon in his uniform with a big stick telling people to be peaceful)

The foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt advocating for peaceful negotiation backed by military strength.

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities to escape racism and seek jobs.

Sedition Act (Silly Sedition Act don’t criticize the government)

The 1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the U.S. government during WWI.

Schenck v. United States

Supreme Court case ruling that free speech can be limited if it poses a 'clear and present danger.'

Attorney General Palmer

Led the Palmer Raids during the First Red Scare, targeting suspected radicals.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace after WWI, emphasizing self-determination and the League of Nations.

Communism

An economic system advocating for the public ownership of property, feared during the Red Scare.

Progressive movement

A reform movement in the early 1900s aimed at addressing issues caused by industrialization and corruption.

Child Labor

The use of children in factories and mines, which progressives sought to limit and regulate.

Initiative, Recall, and Referendum

Processes allowing citizens to propose laws, vote on laws, and remove elected officials, respectively.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in 1920.

Pure Food and Drug Act

The 1906 law requiring truthful labeling of food and medicines to enhance consumer protection.