Honors Biology Final Exam Checklist

Honors Biology Final Exam Flashcards

__: Sugars and starches are the primary source of energy.

Sugars and starches; primary source of energy.

__: Fats, oils and waxes are used for energy storage, insulation and are components of the cell membrane.

Fats, oils, waxes; energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane components.

__: Polymers of amino acids are involved in almost all cell functions including enzymes, structural components, transport, and immunity.

Polymers of amino acids; involved in almost all cell functions—enzymes, structural components, transport, immunity.

__: DNA and RNA carry genetic information.

DNA and RNA; carry genetic information.

An enzyme __.

Speeds up the rate of biochemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

__: Movement of substances across the membrane without the input of cellular energy.

Movement of substances across the membrane without the input of cellular energy.

__: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

__: Diffusion aided by transport proteins in the membrane.

Diffusion aided by transport proteins (channels or carriers) in the membrane.

__: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

__: Movement of substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring cellular energy.

Movement of substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring cellular energy (usually ATP).

In an __ solution, the solute concentration outside the cell is equal to the solute concentration inside the cell.

The solute concentration outside the cell is equal to the solute concentration inside the cell.

In a __ solution, the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell.

The solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell.

In a __ solution, the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell.

The solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell.

__ cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

__ cells have a membrane-bound nucleus that houses their genetic material, as well as various membrane-bound organelles.

Have a membrane-bound nucleus that houses their genetic material, as well as various membrane-bound organelles.

The goal of cellular respiration is to __.

Convert chemical energy stored in glucose into ATP.

__ occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

Occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

The __ occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2, and releases CO2.

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2, and releases CO2.

__ occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane and produces the majority of ATP.

Occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane and produces the majority of ATP.

The products of cellular respiration are __.

Carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of ATP.

__ uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

__ uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

Uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

__ occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces a large amount of ATP.

Occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces a large amount of ATP.

__ occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces a much smaller amount of ATP.

Occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces a much smaller amount of ATP.

The goal of photosynthesis is to __.

Convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

__ occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and split water, producing ATP and NADPH.

Occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and split water, producing ATP and NADPH.

The __ occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions, along with carbon dioxide, to synthesize glucose.

Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions, along with carbon dioxide, to synthesize glucose.

The products of photosynthesis are __.

Glucose and oxygen.

Plants appear green because __.

Their primary photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll, absorbs most wavelengths of light in the red and blue parts of the spectrum, but reflects green light.

Photosystems I and II are __.

Complexes of pigments and proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane that capture light energy.

__ is the longest phase where the cell grows and prepares for division.

The longest phase where the cell grows and prepares for division.

During the S (Synthesis) phase, __.

DNA replication occurs; chromosomes are duplicated.

Mitosis is the __.

Division of the nucleus.

Cytokinesis is the __.

Division of the cytoplasm.

A chromosome is __.

A condensed structure of DNA tightly coiled around proteins called histones.

During prophase, __.

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

During metaphase, __.

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, and spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.

During anaphase, __.

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, becoming individual chromosomes.

During telophase, __.

Chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to decondense, and new nuclear envelopes form around the two sets of chromosomes.

DNA is a that .

Double-stranded helix; stores and transmits genetic information.

RNA is that .

Single-stranded; involved in gene expression (protein synthesis).

In DNA, the base-pairing rules are __.

Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C).

In RNA, the base-pairing rules are __.

Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).

The goal of DNA replication is to __.

Create two identical DNA molecules from one original DNA molecule.

DNA replication is semiconservative, meaning __.

Each new DNA molecule consists of one original (template) strand and one newly synthesized strand.

DNA Helicase __.

Unzips and unwinds the DNA double helix.

Primase __.

Synthesizes short RNA primers.

DNA Polymerase __.

Adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand.

DNA Ligase __.

Joins the Okazaki fragments together.

DNA mutations are __.

Changes in the DNA sequence.

mRNA __.

Carry the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

tRNA __.

Carries specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching them to codons on the mRNA.

rRNA __.

A structural component of ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis.

A codon is __.

A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid or a stop signal during protein synthesis.

An anticodon is __.

A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a specific mRNA codon.

The goal of transcription is to __.

Synthesize an RNA molecule (specifically mRNA) using a DNA template.

The goal of translation is to __.

Synthesize a polypeptide sequence based on the codons in an mRNA molecule.

Promoters are __.

Specific DNA sequences located upstream of a gene where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

Splicing is __.

Removal of non-coding introns and joining of coding exons.

The goal of meiosis is to __.

Produce four genetically distinct haploid gametes from a single diploid cell.

During Meiosis I, __.

Homologous chromosomes separate.

During Meiosis II, __.

Sister chromatids separate.

Diploid cells __.

Contain two sets of chromosomes.

Haploid cells __.

Contain a single set of chromosomes.

Crossing-over results in __.

Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

A dominant allele is __.

An allele that expresses its phenotype whenever it is present in the genotype.

A recessive allele is __.

An allele whose phenotype is expressed only when two copies are present.

Heterozygous means __.

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

Homozygous means __.

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Genotype is __.

The genetic makeup of an individual.

Phenotype is __.

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual.

Punnett squares are used to __.

Predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

Incomplete dominance is when __.

The heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate blend of the two homozygous phenotypes.

Multiple alleles means __.

More than two alleles exist for a single gene in the population.

Sex-linked traits are __.

Traits determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes.

The fossil record __.

Shows changes in organisms over vast periods of time.

Biogeography is __.

The geographical distribution of species, showing how related species can be found in different locations due to common ancestry and adaptation.

Comparative anatomy is __.

Similarities in the anatomical structures of different species suggesting common ancestry.

Molecular biology provides evidence for evolution through __.

Comparisons of DNA sequences, RNA sequences, or protein sequences showing evolutionary relationships.

Variation in natural selection refers to __.

Individuals within a population vary in their heritable traits.

Overproduction in natural selection refers to __.

Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support.

Competition in natural selection refers to __.

There is competition for limited resources.

Differential survival and reproduction in natural selection refers to __.

Individuals with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Divergent evolution is when __.

Two or more species evolve from a common ancestor but become increasingly different over time.

Convergent evolution is when __.

Unrelated species evolve similar traits because they occupy similar niches or are exposed to similar selective pressures.

Coevolution is when __.

Two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle is a __.

Mathematical model that describes a non-evolving population.

Directional selection __.

Favors individuals at one extreme of the phenotypic range.

Stabilizing selection __.

Favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes.

Disruptive selection __.

Favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes.

Competition is when __.

Two or more species require the same limited resources.

Predation is when __.

One organism (the predator) kills and consumes another organism (the prey).

Mutualism is when __.

Both species benefit from the interaction.

Parasitism is when __.

One species (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host).

Commensalism is when __.

One species benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

Carrying capacity is __.

The maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained indefinitely by a given environment.

Exponential growth __.

Occurs when a population grows rapidly due to unlimited resources and no limiting factors.

Logistic growth __.

Growth starts exponentially, then slows down as it approaches the carrying capacity due to limiting factors.

Density-dependent factors __.

Their impact increases as population density increases.

Density-independent factors __.

Their impact is not related to population density.