Global History II - Regents Review Topic 4 Vocab

Agricultural Revolution

the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labor and land productivity

Enclosure Movement

forced the poor people to migrate to centralized locations such as industrial cities and towns and to seek work in factories and mines

Seed Drill

a device used in agriculture that sows seeds for crops by positioning them in the soil and burying them to a specific depth while being dragged by a tractor

Surplus of Food

when food availability and stock exceeds the demand, largely driven by global overproduction, and contributes towards eventual food waste and to an extent, climate change

Industrial Revolution

the transition from creating goods by hand to using machines

James Watt

18th-century inventor who invented the steam engine

Laissez-faire

an economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher who founded modern capitalism

Capitalism

economic system based on private ownership and the investment of money

Communism

economic system all production is owned by the government/people, and private ownership doesnt exist

Socialism

economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public

Supply and Demand

the relationship between the price of a given good or product and the willingness of people to either buy or sell it

Social Darwinism

the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better

Karl Marx

German philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto

Fredrich Engels

co-author of Communist Manifesto, helped define modern communism

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, merchant, banker, or entrepreneur

Proletariat

the lower or working class, the members of which must under capitalism sell their labor in order to earn a living

Labor Unions

a group of two or more employees who join together to advance common interests such as wages, benefits, schedules and other employment terms and conditions

Irish Potato Famine

famine that occurred in Ireland in 1845-49 when the potato crop failed in successive years