briar jones architecture appreciation exam 3

architecture that uses mathematics, rational proportions, universal order

symmetry

grounded to earth

uses human reason

circle and square pure form

rebirth of classical

renaissance architecture

architecture that is ahistorical asymmetrical

architecture in service to God

governed by specific context

gothic architecture

the authentic re-use of classicism based in understanding of perspective, changed size, and proportions of pediments and columns

represents human intellect as much as power of God

the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

Renaissance period

where did the renaissance begin

Florence, Italy

philosophical system based upon capacity of humankind for rational, objective thought and action

stresses human reason and centered in human nature, interests and ideals as distinct from religious philosophies based in a higher God

human achievement separated from religious dogma

wanted excellence in human achievement

wanted to reconcile classical view of human potential with christian belief in divine intervention

humanism

Renaissance Man who was an architect, painter, and sculptor

Brunelleschi

various adaptations of Italian renaissance architecture that occurred in Europe until the advent of mannerism and baroque in the 16th and 17th centuries characterized by use of Italian Renaissance forms and motifs in more or less traditional buildings

renaissance architecture

building where the dome is witness to human achievement

employed ribs and double shells

cathedral of florence

picture of cathedral of florence

style of Italian renaissance art and architecture developed in 15th century characterized by development of linear perspective, chiaroscuro and in buildings by free and inventive use of classical details

early renaissance

style of painting using only light and shadow

chiaroscuro

brunelleschis first renaissance building

florence, italy 1422

symmetrical forms

proportions relate one element to another

application of scientific purpose

The Foundling Hospital(orphanage)

largest dome built since the romans

technical achievement in construction

renaissance dome

no "centering" built to be self supporting as it was constructed

1418-1436

The Duomo(Dome of Cathedral in Florence)

built by Filippo Brunelleschi

Medici hired Brunelleschi to rebuild this

church of san lorenzo

picture of church of san lorenzo

built by Filippo brunelleschi

proportions and style fully realized

volumes were cubes

constructed perspective

church of S Spirito

picture of pazzi chapel

wrote "bible" for renaissance architecture

roman architect and theorist

vitruvius

theorist, historian, architect and scientist

10 books on architecture modeled after vitruvius

promotes architecture as intellectual activity

Leon Battista Alberti

what is the center of humanism

man

1500 Vicenza Italy

designed by Andrea palladio

supreme example of theoretically inspired design

completely symmetrical

elements all governed by proportional relationships

turned house into temple

Villa Rotunda

who wrote the treatise of architecture-the 4 books of architecture

Andrea Palladio

term for city house

palazzo

the public face to the town of venice

San Giorgio Maggiore

public square

piazza

style of Italian renaissance art and architecture developed in late 15th century, emphasis on draftsmanship, illusion of sculptural volume in painting and building by imitative use of orders and compositional arrangements in classical styles with great attention to formulation of compositional rules after precepts of Vitruvius and precedents of existing ruins

high renaissance

designed the Tempietto of San Pietro in Rome

1444-1514

close to Leonardo da vinci

did early work in Milan

moved to Rome after French sack of Milan in 1499

Donato Bramante

circle and square represent perfection of divinity

believe saint Peter was killed/martyred here

meant to be object, picture and marker

Tempietto of San Pietro

picture of Tempietto of San Pietro

this person introduced humanist ideals to Papal court

made Rome the Queen City-consolidated temporal power

return to glory from roman antiquity

1503

Pope Julius II

Magnificent new church over the crypt of St Peter

Michelangelo changed it

known as the dome of all domes-becomes icon for dome often repeated

bramantes scheme was on scale grander than any roman structure

Saint Peter's Cathedral

inventive combinations of elements that purposefully play with classical rules

proportions are exaggerated

transitional style in European architecture in late 16th century esp in Italy characterized by unconventional use of classical elements

mannerism(high renaissance)

1475-1564

rebelled against renaissance decorum

painter(ceiling of sistine chapel), sculptor(David the pieta) and laurentian library

Michelangelo

complete challenge to renaissance rules of order, proportion and use of historic elements

goal was to heighten physical experience of moving through space

1524 manipulated classical architecture as elements in gigantic structure

Laurentian Library

1536 Michelangelo built it

organization deviates from purity of renaissance geometry

subtle tension of angled plan and oval plaza

ideas beginning to become mannerism

"campidoglio" Capitoline Hill

built queens house in greenwich england

1572-1652

also built Banqueting Hall in Whitehall London

1619-1622

Indigo Jones

a railing supported by balusters, especially an ornamental parapet on a balcony, bridge, or terrace.

balustrade

Banqueting Hall, Whitehall Palace

style of architecture that engages pure form and intellect

emphasizes individual in isolation

architecture for wealthy

individual isolated buildings

renaissance architecture

architecture that engages emotions and illusionary effects

emphasizes individual in society

architecture for all social classes

buildings fit context

Baroque

style of architecture originating in Italy in 17th century and variously prevalent in Europe and New World for a century and a half characterized by free and sculptural use of classical orders and ornament, dynamic opposition and interpretation of spaces and dramatic combined effects of architecture, sculpture, painting and decorative arts

Baroque architecture

2 famous architects in Baroque period

building to awe and convert

counter reformation-reintroduce spiritual values

something greater than individual

reaffirmation of Catholic Church after protestant reformation

Gianlorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini

dates back to the roman circus

1644

designed by Bernini and Borromini

Piazza Navona

St Peter's rome

1624-1633

built by bernini

Baldacchino

rebuilding the city of London after the fire of 1666 is an example of an early what

building code

picture of St Paul's Cathedral

who redesigned st Pauls cathedral and over 50 other churches in london

St Christopher Wren

what were St Christopher Wren's churches known for

steeple

picture of St. Clemente Dane's

designed by St Christopher Wren

who built the Christ church in London

Nicholas Hawksmoore

Louis 14th hunting lodge

outside paris

Baroque

gardens include 1400 fountains using water pumped from the seine

Versailles

gardens that are geometrically organized

parterre

pathway lined with trees

allees

style of decorative art that evolved from baroque, originating in France in 1720 and distinguished by fanciful, curved spacial forms and elaborate profuse designs of shellwork and foliage intended for overall delicate effect

rococo

church in rural Bavaria

Zimmerman brothers design

structure disappears behind decoration

outside plain facades

intricate detail on interior

Die Wies

picture of Die Wies interior

picture of Spanish steps

period where industrial revolution changed society dramatically

new building types

architects respond by borrowing styles from all eras and continents

anti baroque-go classical

motivated by archaeological digs

innovative architecture by engineers

lots of change-US and French revolutions, urban centers, science, middle class emerges, cast iron material

enlightenment

this was James Gibbs design that was copied in the US

St Martins in the field

developed after American revolution

copied from British architect Robert adam

federal style

built the Baltimore cathedral and acknowledged as as 1st professional architect

Benjamin Latrobe

designed the plan of Washington DC

Pierre Charles L'enfant

2 major writers of greek revival style

Minard Lefever

Asher benjamin

Thomas Jefferson designed the Virginia state capital after this

maison Caree

Thomas Jeffersons home

Monticello

1st architecture school

located in paris

Ecole des beaux arts

monument to Issac newton

Etienne Louis Boullee

leading proponent of gothic revival in france

Viollet le Duc

picture of strawberry hill house

style of architecture that engages pure form and intellect

emphasizes individual in isolation

architecture for wealthy

individual isolated buildings

renaissance architecture

designed the trinity church in Boston and it was his most famous building

Henry Hobson Richardson

who changed the role of architects by pushing limits of metal/glass and designing stone and efficient structures

engineers

wanting to establish identity through architecture using historical references

nationalism

when was the time where cities were overcrowded due to infrastructure problems, new building materials emerged, debate of historical styles vs new forms, time of great industrial and global change, and made the largest buildings since the romans

used designs that had never been seen before

19th century

designed by Joseph Paxton for the worlds fair in london

no decorations/historical references

greenhouse

architects and critics hated it

made of modular parts that could be assembled and dissembled

standardization from industrial manufacturing process

crystal palace

designed by Henri Labrouste in Paris

symbolic train station

represent readers journey into knowledge

cast iron shaped into columns and arches to support vaults and domes

Bibliothèque Ste. Genevieve

suspension bridge with tension

Brooklyn Bridge

designed the Eiffel Tower

Paris

Iron construction

Gustav Eiffel

Forefront of american architecture

fire in 1871

known for skyscrapers

Chicago

celebrated and expressed verticality in high rises

used light curtain wall material

express 3 zones on facade

designed Chicago Opera House

Louis Sullivan

designed the Rookery

Adler and Root

Father of Landscape Architecture

designed Central Park and Biltmore gardens

Columbia Exposition of 1893

Fredrick Law Olmsted

American architect from chicago

most significant architect of 20th century

stylistic developments include:

arts and crafts derived styles

modern horizontally interwoven spaces

expressionistic mature style

frank Lloyd wright

frank Lloyd wrights most famous work

Robie House

Unity Temple - Frank Lloyd Wright

built the AEG turbine factory in berlin

Peter Behrens

built fagus factory in Germany using international style

Walter Gropius

designing buildings for the world

abstract style that could fit anywhere

international style

school in Germany founded in 1919 by Walter gropius

huge influence on modern architecture

art, design and construction are united

promoted "form follows function"

about the collective

political purpose-housing for the masses

Bauhaus

who designed the Barcelona pavilion

Van der Rohe

French architect

one of the most significant architects of the modern movement and 20th century

designed maison dom ino

Le Corbusier

complete reduction of house to elemental form

idea of a universal house

GRID

Maison Dom Ino

"God is in the details"

van der rohe

Seagram's Building

designed by William van alen

chrysler building

designed by frank Lloyd wright

falling water

Guggenheim Museum

Frank Lloyd Wright

built by Antoni Gaudi

church of sagrada family

Pompidou Center

Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers

TWA Terminal

st louis gateway arch

Eero Saarinen

Phillips Exeter Academy Library

Louis Kahn