COM ARTS 100 UW Madison

5 steps of reflective thinking method

Define problem, analyze problem, establish criteria, generating potential solutions, selecting best solution

10 logical fallacies

Hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition

Accurate quoting/paraphrasing

Don't misquote, don't violate meaning of the statements, and don't quote out of context

Ad hominem

Attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Analogical reasoning

Reasoning in which two similar cases are compared and what is true about the first is assumed to also be true about the second

Appeal to novelty

Assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Appeal to tradition

Assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Appreciative listening

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment

Are statistics representative?

Need to have a large enough sample size, acceptable proportion of genders, different backgrounds represented, etc.

Aspects of voice

Volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, dialect

Audience-centeredness

Keeping the audience foremost in mind during every step of the speech planning and presentation process

Bandwagon

Because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct or desirable

Causal reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

Central idea

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech (AKA thesis statement, subject sentence, or major thought)cen

Channel

Means/medium by which a message is communicated (ex: President on tv)

Commemorative speech

Pays tribute to a person, group of people, an institution, or an idea

Comprehensive listening

Listening to understand the message of a speaker

Connection between listening and critical thinking

Comprehensive listening is crucial for effective critical thinking

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

Critical listening

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

Critical thinking

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion(separating fact from opinion, spotting weaknesses in reasoning, judging soundness of evidence)

Denotative vs conotative

Denotative- dictionary definition of a wordConnotative- meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word

Dyad

Group of two people

Either-or

Forces the audience to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Empathetic listening

Listening to provide emotional support

Ethical listening

Don't prejudge, open mind, be courteous

Ethics

Deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Expert vs peer testimony

Expert- testimony from people who are experts in their fields (people, organizations, associations, etc)Peer- testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

Factors of credibility

Competence- how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subjectCharacter- how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for well-being of the audience

Fallacy

Error in reasoning

False cause

Mistakenly assumed that because one event follows a second, that the first is the cause of the second

Feedback

The message, usually nonverbal, that the listener sends to the speaker

Flaws in using evidence

Lack of specificity, from a biased source, not from credible sources/lack of sourcing, not novel/recent evidence, unclear point of the evidence used

Four devices of rhythm

Parallelism (similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words or phrases)Repetition (repeating the same word or set of words at the beginning of a sentence)Alliteration (repetition of the initial consonant of nearby words)Antithesis (joint ideas that contrast)

Frame of reference

The sum of a person's knowledge experience, goals, values, and attitudes (different for everyone)

General purpose

The broad goal of a speech (to inform, to persuade, to commemorate)

Generating emotional appeal

Use emotional language, develop vivid examples, speak with sincerity and conviction

Global plagiarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

Guidelines for effective visual aids

Prepare in advance, keep them simple, big enough, limited text, effective color/font, strategic images, display where they can be seen, don't pass around, display only when discussing them, explain clearly, talk to the audience (not the aid), practice w/ them

Guidelines for informative speeches

Don't overestimate what the audience knows, relate the subject directly to the audience, don't be too technical, avoid abstraction, personalize your ideas, be creative

Guidelines for the preparation outline

State the specific purpose, identify the central idea, label intro/body/conclusion, use consistent pattern

Hasty generalization

General conclusion made from insufficient evidence

Hearing vs listening

Hearing- the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brainListening- paying close attention to and making sense of what we hear

Hidden agenda

A set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole

How to enhance credibility

Explain competence, establish common ground, deliver speech w/ conviction

How to know if a speech is audience-centered

Adapted message to audience, know who you're speaking to (demographics and stuff), keep the desired effect of the speech in mind, keep interests and level of knowledge in mind

How to speak ethically

Makes goals ethically sound, be prepared, be honest, avoid name calling, and put ethical principles into practice

Incremental plagiarism

Failing to give credit from particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

Informative speech

Speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Interference

Anything that distracts from the communication of the message (can be internal or external)

Invalid analogy

Two things being compared are not essentially alike

Listener

The person receiving the message

Main points

Central features of a speech, most have 2-5

Mean, median, mode

Mean- average value of a group of numbersMedian- middle number in a group from highest to lowestMode- most frequently occurring number

Mental dialogue

The mental give and take between the speaker and audience during a persuasive speech (audience doesn't just sit there, but instead assesses what the speaker is saying, credibility, and so on, resulting in mental dialogue

Message

What the speaker is communicating

Methods of delivery

From memoryFrom a manuscript (wrtten out word for word and read)Impromptu (little or no immediate preparation)Extemporaneously (carefully prepared and rehearsed from a set of brief notes)

Organization methods for speeches on questions of policy

Problem-solution (first main point identifies a problem, second point presents a solution) (two main points)Problem-cause-solution (first identifies a problem, second analyzes the causes and third presents a solution) (3 main)Comparative advantages (each main point explains why the speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions)Monroe's motivated sequence (seeks immediate action, if it calls for action at the end then it is most likely this)

Parts of a conclusion

Signal the ending of the speechReinforce the central idea (summarize, end with a quote, make a dramatic statement, refer to the intro)

Parts of an introduction

Gain attention and interest (relate to audience, startle audience, arouse curiosity, question audience, open w/ a quote, tell a story)Reveal the topic (state clearly)Establish credibility and goodwill (credibility- perception of how qualified the speaker is, goodwill- perception of whether the speaker has the best interest of the audience in mind)Preview the body (identifies the main points)

Patchwork plagiarism

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources

Persuasion

-The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions (occurs in a situation where two or more points of view exist and is a psychological process)-Not something a speaker does to and audience, but rather WITH an audience

Plagiarism

Using another person's words or ideas as one's own

Questions of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion***sually organized topically***

Questions of policy

A question about whether or not a specific course of action should be taken***ot about whether or not something should be done, but about what should be done (policy)***

Questions of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action***sually organized topically***

Reasoning from principle

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

Reasoning from specific instances

Reasoning that moves from specific facts to a general conclusion (ex: bro's gym class was easy, mine was easy->all gym classes are easy)

Red herring

Introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Reflective-thinking method

5 step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group

Requirements for a specific purpose statement

Full sentence (not fragment), statement (not question), avoid figurative language, limit it to one idea, not too vague or general

Residual message

What the speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else

Slippery slope

Assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that can't be prevented

Speaker

Person conveying an oral message

Specific purpose

A single phrase that precisely states what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

Specific purpose vs central idea

Specific purpose- what you hope to accomplishCentral idea- what you expect to say

Speech communication process elements

Speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation

Speeches of acceptance

Give thanks for a gift, award, form of public recognition

Speeches of introduction

Introduces the main speaker to the audience

Speeches of presentation

Presents someone a gift, award, or public recognition

Steps of Monroe's motivated sequence

Attention (gain attention of audience, using previous methods)Need (demonstrate that there is a need for change; there is an existing problem that needs a solution)Satisfaction (offer and explain a plan to satisfy the need)Visualization (use imagery to show audience how they will benefit from the policy; show better conditions that would result from the policy)Action (call for action from the audience)***ust have these IN ADDITION to need, plan, practicality

Target audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Three crucial parts of speeches on questions of policy

Need (Identify the existence of a problem and a need for change by policy)Plan (Develop/identify a way to go about creating change for the identified issue)Practicality (Assess if the plan will effectively solve the problem at hand)

Three parts of a speech

Introduction, body, and conclusion

Three types of audience survey questions

Fixed alternative (fixed choice between 2+ options)Scale (Response at fixed intervals along a scale of answers)Open-ended (Allow respondents to answer how they want)

Three ways to generate imagery

Concrete words (sight, sound, touch, smell, taste)Simile (comparison using like or as)Metaphor (comparison w/o like or as)

Tips for speeches of intro

Be brief, accurate remarks, adapt to occasion, adapt to the main speaker, adapt to the audience, create drama (lol don't be that girl)

Tips for testimony

Quote/paraphrase accurately, use quality sources, unbiased sources, identify those quoted/paraphrased

Tips for using evidence

Specific evidence , novel evidence, credible sources, clear point of evidence

Tips for using statistics

Use statistics to quantify your ideas, use them sparingly, identify the sources, explain your statistics

Types of connectives

Transitions (indicate a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another)Internal preview (let's the audience know what the speaker is going to talk about next)Internal summary (summarizes the preceding point)Signpost (statement to indicate where the speaker is in the speech (ex- first, next, finally))

Types of credibility

Initial credibility (credibility of the speaker before he or she begins to speak)Derived credibility (credibility based on everything the speaker says or does while he or she speaks)Terminal credibility (credibility at the end of the speech)

Types of examples

Brief (specific case to illustrate a point)Extended (a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at length)Hypothetical (an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation)

Types of informative speeches

Speeches about objects (anything visible/tangible)Speeches about processes (systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product)Speeches about events (anything that happens/ed)Speeches about concepts (beliefs, theories, ideas, notions, principles, or the like)

Types of persuasive speeches

Questions of factQuestions of valueQuestions of policy

Types of reasoning

Reasoning from specific instancesReasoning from principleCausal reasoningAnalogical reasoning

Types of speeches on policy

To gain passive agreement (to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable w/o calling on them to take action)To gain immediate action (to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy)

Types of strategic order of main points

Chronological (in order of time)Spatial (in a directional pattern (ex:east to west, left to right)Causal (cause and effect relationship (two main points))Problem-solution (first point shows existence or severity of a problem, second shows a solution (two main points))Topical (each subtopic of the speech is a main point)

Types of supporting materials

Examples (specific cases used to illustrate a point)Statistics (numerical data)Testimony (quotations or paraphrases used to support a point)