Chapter 17: Immunization and Immune Testing

Serology

Presence of specific antigens or antibodies in blood serum which is also used to identify

Precipitation Test

Antigens and antibody mixed together

Turbidimetric

Measures the light passing through a solution

Nephelometric Test

Measures the light reflected from the solution

Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Test

Measures the cloudiness of a solution and quantify he amounts of proteins in serum

Agglutination Test

Occurs due to the cross-linking of antibodies with particulate antigens

Hemagglutination

Agglutination of the red blood cells which determines the blood type

Titration

Measures the antibody levels in the blood sera and giving a positive reaction is a titer

Neutralization Test also Viral Neutralization to a cytopathic effect

Viruses introduced cell structures will kill the cells with the ability of virus to kill culture cells and is neutralized when virus is first missed with antibodies.

Direct fluorescent immunoassays

Antigen by adding a labeled antibody

Indirect fluorescent immunoassays

Antibody adding a labeled antibody against the original antibody

ELISA

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay which is used to detect the prescience of serum antibodies.

Immunoblot also known as the western blot

To detect proteins and confirm proteins. Which also come with a process of 1. Electrophoresis separates proteins in the solution. 2. Blotting transfer protein nitrocellulose membrane. 3. Detect color where antibody has bound to proteins.

Point-of-Care Testing

Simple Immunoassays in minutes

Immunochromatographic assay

Pregnancy test which detect the hormone HCG

Immunofilteration

Rapid ELISA uses antibodies bound to membrane filters

Active Immunization

Administration of antigens to people that actively mount on adaptive immune response.

Passive Immunotherapy

Acquire immunity through the transfer of antibodies by an immune individual or animal

Edward Jenner

Discovered vaccinations in 1796

Louis Pasteur

Developed vaccine against Pasteurella multicida in 1879

Attenuated (modified live) vaccines

Weaken but use pathogens with reduced virulence called attenuation and have active microbes which stimulate strong immune response. Also Contact immunity.

Inactivated (killed) vaccines

Whole agents because of whole microbes and subunit which is antigen is fragments of microbes and contains adjuvants which are chemicals added to increase effectiveness in the antigen

Toxoid Vaccination

Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity.

Combination Vaccination

Administration of antigens from several pathogens put together to be directed towards either 1 virus or multiple.

mRNA Vaccine

Inject mRNA which codes for an antigen from the pathogen which our body uses the mRNA to make the antigen from preventing us from attracting severe symptoms.

Vaccine Manufactures

Sometimes use Eggs in vaccine and make a mass production. Cultured inside of chicken eggs

Problems associated with immunization

Mild toxicity, risk of anaphylactic shock and residual virulence from attenuated viruses.

Passive Immunotherapy administration

Administration of antiserum that contains performed antibodies which provide immediate protection

Passive immunity limitations

Trigger allergic reactions called serum sickness, antibodies of antisera are degraded relatively quickly, individual not protected from infections. And limitation are overcome through hybridomas.

Herb Immunity

Population immunity, you get immunity through being around vaccinated people.

Who gave the first vaccine and coined the term vaccination

Edward Jenner

What is the name of the substance added to a vaccine to increase the antigenicity?

Adjuvant

Which of the following is a safety concern with vaccines?

Mild toxicity, anaphylactic shock, residual virulence.

When a sufficient number of people have been vaccinated against a pathogen, the spread of the pathogen is hampered, and unvaccinated people are also protected. This is called?

Herb immunity

Which of the following statements best describe the effectiveness of the toxoid vaccine?

Adults must be reinoculated every 10 years.

What molecules interact during a precipitation test?

Antigens and antibodies

During a precipitation test, what happens if there is an excess of antibody?

Immune complexes are small and soluble, thus, no precipitation occurs.

What is false regarding to point of care testing?

The assay are quantitative

When determining antibody concentration in a serum sample, what does titer mean?

The highest dilution of serum that still cases the sample to aggulatinate

Which type of assay is a pregnancy test?

Immunochromatographic

If a patient sample has a high titer against a virus in the virus neutralization test, what can you conclude?

The sample contains a high concentration of virus antibodies

What does a pregnancy test detect?

Human chronic gonadotropin (Hormone HcG)

Which type of labeled antibody test should be used to identify antigens present in patient tissues?

Direct fluorescent antibody test

What substance is detected during an ELISA?

An enzyme-substrate reaction that produces a colored or fluorescent product.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of ELISA testing

It has a low sensitivity