4.1 Criminology

What are the seven stages for the government in law making? (Four Scary Cats Run To Hunt Rats)

First reading, Second Reading, Committee stage, Report stage, Third reading, House (other) and Royal assent

What happens in the First Reading?

Formal introduction of the bill, no debates in HoC

What happens in the Second Reading?

The bill is debated, concerns and changes are listed

What happens in the Committee Stage?

Detailed examination of all the clauses

HoL - no time limit

HoC - evidence given from ‘outside experts’

What happens in the Report Stage?

Consideration of amendments made in the Committee Stage, with further opportunity for debate and adjustments to the bill

What happens in the Third Reading?

Final debate of the bill, amendments can only be made in the HoL

What is the Royal Assent?

The monarch’s agreement to form a law

What is a green paper?

Draft ideas for a new law or change in law, document for reform

What is a white paper?

Firm proposal of a bill, explains how the law will work

What is the House of Commons (HoC)?

Responsible for debating laws and holding the government to account

650 MPs, democratically elected in

What is the House of Lords (HoL)?

Reviews legislation from HoC, members are chosen by the monarch, bishops or ‘life peers’

What is Judicial Precedent?

Courts must follow previous, similar case outcomes. Ensures uniformity, certainty, fairness and consistency

What is Distinguishing?

Exception to Judicial Precedent, occurs if a judge feels the two cases are different enough

What is overruling?

Exception to Judicial Precedent, if a judge feels the previous decision was wrong

What is Court Hierarchy?

The higher the court, the stronger their binding precedents

What is Statutory Interpretation?

Allows judges to understand and implement laws differently based on specific circumstances and their interpretations

What is the Literal Rule?

Taking the literal meaning of a word even if it is not sensible

What is the Golden Rule?

Modifying the meaning of a word to avoid an absurd rule

What is the Mischief Rule?

Enforcing what the rule was intended for, not the exact words used

What is the relationship between the Police and the CPS?

The police gather evidence and builds the case while the CPS decide whether to prosecute

What is the relationship between the Police and Voluntary Organisations?

Refer vulnerable individuals to support services and provide aid.

What is the relationship between the Police and the Courts?

Present evidence, protect vulnerable individuals and transport offenders

What is the relationship between the police and the prison service?

Arrest offenders, hold interviews and facilitate rehabilitation

What is the relationship between the police and the Home Office?

The Home Office sets the national police priorities

What is the relationship between the police and the probation service?

Keep a list of registered sex offenders

What is the relationship between the CPS and the courts?

Present prosecution case and appeals

What is the relationship between Voluntary Organisations and the courts?

Provide support to individuals attending court, such as legal aid

What is the relationship between the courts and the prison service?

The prison service holds individuals who are awaiting trial

What is the relationship between the police service and the probation service?

The probation service supervises prisoners on release

What is the Due Process Model? (1968)

Innocence until proven guilty

Decrease police powers to prevent oppression

Laws to regulate the CJS

Promote fairness and rights of offenders

What laws support the due process model?

PACE and the Human Rights Act

What is the Crime Control model? (1968)

Deal with cases quickly and efficiently

Increase police powers - zero tolerance

Laws empower the CJS

Promote penal populism and rights of victims

What laws support the crime control model?

Extended detention for terrorists, removal of double jeopardy and IPPs