Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts - Chapter Summary

A set of flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the lecture on the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

Nervous System

The system providing sensory and motor information, consisting of the CNS and PNS.

Neuron

The functional unit of the nervous system, composed of a cell body, axon, and dendrites.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The portion of the nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

Afferent Pathway

The sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

Efferent Pathway

The motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Mechanoreceptors

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues.

Somatic Nervous System

Part of the PNS responsible for voluntary control of movement and skeletal muscle.

Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the PNS that regulates involuntary bodily functions.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that increases neural activity.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that decreases neural activity.

Proprioception

The body's ability to sense its orientation and position in space.

Muscle Spindles

Sensory receptors sensitive to muscle length changes and rates thereof.

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

A sensory receptor that monitors changes in muscular tension.

Cognitive Stage

The first stage of motor skill development where simple instructions help learners.

Associative Stage

The second stage of motor skill development focused on practice and feedback.

Autonomous Stage

The final stage of motor skill development where skills become automatic.

Skeletal System

The system providing support and structure to the body, consisting of 206 bones.

Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeletal system that includes the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

Appendicular Skeleton

The part of the skeletal system that includes the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.

Osteoblasts

Cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

Types of Bones

Different categories of bones including long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

Joint Types

Classifications of joints based on shape, structure, and function.

Synovial Joints

Joints with a fluid-filled capsule that allow movement.

Isotonic Muscle Actions

Muscle actions involving force production through movement.

Isometric Muscle Actions

Muscle actions involving tension without joint movement.

Agonist

The primary muscle responsible for a movement.

Synergist

Muscles that assist the agonist in producing a movement.

Stabilizers

Muscles that support joints by contracting isometrically during movement.

Antagonist

The muscle that opposes the action of the agonist during movement.

Sliding Filament Theory

The explanation of how muscles contract through the sliding of actin and myosin filaments.

Cardiorespiratory System

The system comprised of the heart, blood, and lungs.

Stroke Volume

The amount of blood pumped by the heart with each contraction.