Endocrine Glands Hormones Functions

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, influencing various physiological functions.

Hypothalamus

The master control center for the endocrine system, regulating hormonal secretions and influencing the pituitary gland.

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Includes Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), which increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, and Oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection.

Thyroid Hormones

Includes T3 and T4 that regulate metabolism, growth, and development, along with Calcitonin that decreases blood calcium levels and Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) that increases them.

Stress Hormones

Includes Epinephrine/Norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla, which prepare the body for fight-or-flight, and Cortisol from the adrenal cortex that helps regulate metabolism and respond to stress.

Insulin and Glucagon

Hormones produced by the pancreas; Insulin lowers blood glucose levels while Glucagon raises them by stimulating glycogen breakdown.

Regulatory Mechanisms

Includes Negative Feedback, Hormonal Stimulus, Neuronal Stimulus, and Humoral Stimulus that maintain homeostasis or regulate hormone release.

General Adaptation Syndrome

The body's three-phase response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Hormonal Interactions

Includes Synergistic Effects (two hormones work together), Antagonistic Effects (one hormone opposes another), and Permissive Effects (one hormone is required for another's action).

Growth Hormone (GH) and Gonadotropins

GH stimulates growth and cell reproduction while Gonadotropins (LH and FSH) regulate gonadal function in reproduction.

Melatonin

Hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and is influenced by light.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

______ is the master control center for the endocrine system.

Hypothalamus

The hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones is called ______.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

______ regulates metabolism and is produced in the thyroid gland.

Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels while ______ raises them.

Glucagon

______ is released from the adrenal cortex and helps regulate metabolism and respond to stress.

Cortisol

______ is a hormone that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

The three phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome are alarm, ______, and exhaustion.

resistance

______ hormones are produced by the pancreas and are crucial for glucose metabolism.

Insulin and Glucagon

______ effects occur when two hormones work together to produce a greater effect.

Synergistic Effects

The hormonal response to changes in blood calcium levels involves ______ hormone and calcitonin.

Parathyroid

What is the purpose of the endocrine system?

To regulate various physiological functions through the secretion of hormones.

What does cortisol do in the body?

Regulates metabolism and helps the body respond to stress.

What role do gonadotropins play in reproduction?

Regulate gonadal function, including ovulation and sperm production.

How does the hypothalamus influence the pituitary gland?

By regulating hormonal secretions that control the pituitary's activity.

What is the main function of insulin?

To lower blood glucose levels by facilitating its uptake in cells.

How does the body respond to low blood calcium levels?

By releasing parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium levels.

What are the functions of melatonin?

Regulates sleep-wake cycles and is influenced by light exposure.

What effects do stress hormones have on the body?

Prepare the body for fight-or-flight response.

What is the role of negative feedback in endocrine regulation?

Helps maintain homeostasis by inhibiting hormone release when levels are sufficient.

What is the difference between synergistic and antagonistic hormonal effects?

Synergistic effects occur when hormones work together; antagonistic effects occur when one hormone opposes another.