Grade 11 Bio Diversity Test Review

Seven Levels of Taxa

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

(Kids playing chicken on freeway get squashed)

Taxonomy

the science of naming and classifying organisms

Binomial Nomenclature

2 name naming system

Features Genus and and species

What advantage does binomial nomenclature have over common names?

Binomial nomenclature organises the many different species on Earth into many organised categories and classifications.

It's also a universal way to identify organisms.

It also avoids confusion when naming species.

Cladograms

Shows evolutionary relationships among groups

The organism with the least shared characteristic is first, then the second least, then etc.

Phylogenetic tree

A representation of evolutionary pathways

Top = all species that exist today

Bottom = Common ancestor

Between = species that became extinct

At each fork = speciation event

Out group = species that is least related

Parts of Bacteria cell:

Pili

Function

Hair like Structures on the surface that help in attachment and DNA transfer

Role in survival

Helps the bacteria attach to surfaces and other bacteria to aid in the exchange of plasmids and antibiotic resistance

Plasmid

Function

Smaller loop of DNA that carries the same genetic code.

Role in survival

The plasmids carry advantageous traits such as antibiotic resistance so that when an antibiotic resistant bacteria gives a copy of its plasmid to a non antibiotic resistant bacteria, it can become antibiotic resistant. It gives other bacteria advantageous traits to help them survive.

Ribosomes

Function

Protein synthesis

Role in survival

Synthesize proteins to help grow, rebuild, and repair cells.

Cytoplasm

Function

Acts as a jelly like support to hold all the organelles and DNA. Aids in protein synthesis and transport

Role in survival

Support internal cell function and allows movement of molecules for metabolism

Cell membrane

Function

Semi-permeable, same in animal, plants, and bacteria cells.

Role in survival

Semi-permeable, same in animal, plants, and bacteria cells.

The cell membrane is semi permeable, so it controls what goes in and what goes out. A layer of protection and maintaining cell shape and integrity.

Cell wall

Function

Rigid outer layer made of peptidoglycan that provides shape and protection

Role in survival

prevents physical damage and protects the cell

Capsule

Function

An extra fatty layer that adds extra protection and makes it tougher to kill and able to survive in tougher conditions since it has an extra 3rd layer of protection.

Role in survival

An extra layer on top of the cell membrane and cell wall that provide even more protection. It allows the bacteria to withstand environmental stresses and evade their host's immune responses.

Main DNA loop

Function

Holds the genetic code of life. Bacteria have one large loop of DNA, while animal and plant cells have chromosomes.

Role in survival

Stores genetic instructions for the cell's function and reproduction

Flagella

Function

Whip-like structure that helps the bacteria move.

Role in survival

The flagella helps the bacteria move around to more favourable environments and away from any dangerous threats.

Shapes of bacteria:

Cocci

circular

Bacilli

rod

Spirilla

Spiral shape

Mono

by themselves

Diplo

In pairs

Strepto

in chains

Staphylo

Clumps

Flagellate

Multiple fibers/tails

Vibries

bent rod shape

Describe binary fission

Asexual reproduction

1)An exact copy of the cells DNA and plasmid is made

2) Cell elongates to prepare for division. DNA and plasmid sets go to opposite ends

3) A division wall begins to form from the middle of the cell. The cell membrane begins to pinch in

4) 2 identical daughter cells are formed

Describe bacterial transformation

Transformation is when a bacterial cell picks up a loose fragment of DNA from its surroundings and uses it. These fragments could have been released when a cell died.

Advantage

If the cell that died's DNA has beneficial genes, it can also aid in the survival of the bacteria cell.

Describe bacterial conjugation

Conjugation is when a bacterial cell passes a copy of a plasmid to a nearby cell through a hollow pilus, and is considered as a form of sexual reproduction.

Advantage

If the plasmid provides beneficial genes it can aid in the survival of the bacteria cell

Similarities between transformation and conjugation

Both receive DNA from another cell

The DNA is transferred into the cell

Describe Endospores

An endospore is a highly resistant structure that forms around the chromosome when the cell is under stress. Endospores can withstand extreme conditions and stay there until conditions improve.

Advantage

It protects the cell's chromosome from damage. It can withstand extreme conditions and remain that same until conditions improve often for many years.

Describe Antibiotic resistance for bacteria cells

In a group of bacteria, most are yellow (not resistant) and a few are red (resistant). When antibiotics are used, the yellow bacteria die, but the red resistant ones survive. These red bacteria then multiply quickly because they have no competition. Over time, the population becomes mostly red, or resistant. They can also pass their resistance to other bacteria, making the problem worse.

Why is it so important to finish your prescription?

If you stop taking antibiotics too early, some resistant bacteria may still be alive. These bacteria can grow and spread, making the infection harder to treat. Finishing your full prescription helps kill all the bacteria and prevents resistance from developing.

Describe the difference between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Traits that make archaebacteria different:

1) They can survive harsh extreme environments like hot springs and deep sea vents

2) They have a harder capsule: their cell walls and cell membranes are more resistant to physical and chemical disruption

3) Different genetic material from eubacteria

4) Archaebacteria cell walls have no peptidoglycan

Describe the 4 subgroups of archaea

Methanogens - live in low oxygen environments and generate energy by converting chemical compounds to gas

Halophiles - Love salt and live in high saline environments. They are aerobic and get their energy from organic food molecules

Extreme thermophiles - Live in extremely hot environments. Optimal temperature range for growth is 70 -95 degrees

Psychrophiles - Cold loving archaebacteria that are normally found in the artic ocean. Optimal temp range for growth is -10 to -20 degrees

Anaerobic versus aerobic

Aerobic need oxygen, while anaerobuc don't need oxygen

Protists:

3 sub categories of protists

Animal like, plant like, fungus like

Describe how protists move in water

Some have cilia that beat

Some have flagella that whip

Some extend their cell membrane to form pseudopods (false feet)

Some don't do anything and just get carried by the current

Describe how protists get nutrients

Animal like: heterotrophic (engulf other protist)

Plant-like: autotrophic (photosynthesis)

Fungus like: heterotrophic (obtain nutrients from decaying matter)

Describe how protists reproduce

Sexual: conjugation - 2 protists join and mix DNA before dividing

Asexual: Binary fission (cell replicates its own DNA before splitting)

Describe the positive impacts of protists on humans

Food for consumers (sushi)

Provide oxygen (photosynthesis)

Seaweed products are used as additives

Describe the negative impacts of protists on humans

Cause disease such as malaria, African sleeping sickness, traveler's diarrhea

Describe the characteristics, movement, nutrition, and how Amoebas osmoregulate

Characteristics: Have a nucleus, no eye spot, no cell wall

Movement: pseudopods (flowing projections of cytoplasm)

Nutrition: phagocytosis

Osmoregulation: contractle vacuole

Describe the characteristics, movement, nutrition, and how Parameciums osmoregulate

Characteristics: cilia, 2 types of nuclei, Anal pore, no eye spot, no cell wall

Movement: cilia

Nutrition: Ther have an oral groove that beats to move food to the base of the groove where food vacuoles form

Osmoregulation: contractile vacuole

Describe the characteristics, movement, nutrition, and how Euglenas osmoregulate

Characteristics: Gullet (second very small flagella), nucleus, paramylon granules, pellicle, chloroplast, eye spot, no cell wall

Movement: Flagellum and gullet

Nutrition: Photosynthesis, then stores starch like carb in paramylon granules

Osmoregulation: Contractile vacuole

Describe the characteristics, movement, nutrition, and how Chlamydomonas osmoregulate

Characteristics: Chloroplast, starch gain, nucleus, pyrenoid, cell wall, eye spot, flagella

Movement: flagella

Nutrition: Photosynthesis, starch formation in pyrenoid

Osmoregulation: contractle vacuole

Fungi:

Importance of fungi

They decompose every organic matter on earth so we don't run out of nutrients

Similarities between plants and fungi

Similarities: Multicellular, anchored in soil, cell walls, eukaryotic, stationary

Describe how fungi obtain energy

Fungi obtain energy through the mycelium. Mycelium is formed by many intertwining hyphae, and is underground. When a fungus wants to eat, they release digestive enzymes through the hyphae onto the organism they want to decompose, and when it breaks down, they absorb the nutrients back in through the hyphae. The mycelium is a network of hyphae, and its job is to reproduce, anchor the fungi, and absorb nutrients.

Describe how fungi sexually reproduce

The fungus send pheromones to each other wich causes their mycellium to connect. The Hyphae fuse their cells together and merge DNA before dividing. This grows into a mushroom, and then the sexually produced spores form in the gills. When the mushroom matures, the gills open, releasing the spores into the air.

What are spores and how do they result in a new fungus (asexual)?

Spores are unicellular reproductive cells (made of one cell) that are formed in special cases called sporangia. When mature, the sporangia breaks open and releases the spores. Once they land, hyphae start to grow and form the mycellium and fruiting body.

How do fungi reproduce using fragmentation (asexual)?

A piece of the hyphae breaks off from the mycellium and can independently grow into a new genetically identical fungus.

What are the 3 categories of fungi?

Decomposers - decompose and eat dead things

Mutualistic - Form symbiotic relationships with other organisms

Predatory/parasitic - Eat things like bugs, slowly eats organisms alive

Describe positive impacts of fungi on humans

Medicine - Some species like pennicillium secretes pennicillin to defend itself. We take pennicillin and use it for antibiotics

Food source - mushrooms provide vitamin D, and fungus and mold can make cheese

Decomposers - Fungus can break down dead organisms and toxic waste to fertilize the ground

Yeast - makes bread, wine, beer

Describe the negative impacts of fungi on humans

They can cause disease, infections, and allergic reactions. Athlete's foot is an example of an infection.

What is mycorrhizae?

A symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of plants. The fungus extends the plant's root reach to greatly improve the plant's absorption of water and nutrients. The plant provides the fungus with essential sugars from photosynthesis.

What are lichens?

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungus and cyanobacteria, and can appear in many colours. The fungus provides protective structure and absorb water, while the cyanobacteria provides food through photosynthesis.

Why are lichens well suited for growing on barren land?

Because the cyanobacteria provides food and the fungus absorbs water, so they can easily survive. They can also withstand extreme dehydration. Their protective structure also helps them withstand physical stress. The Fungus can also break down material so they can reach nutrients beneath the soil.

Why is fungus so difficult to get rid of?

Because of the mycellium. The mycellium aren't like roots. After picking the mushroom, the mycellium stays underground causing more mushrooms to grow since they contain all of the fungus' genetic information. The fruiting body also produces millions of spores, creating even more mycellium.

Plants:

Describe the characteristics of plants.

Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile, cell walls made out of cellulose

Describe how plants reproduce

If the parent produces offspring sexually, then the offspring with reproduce asexually, and so on. A gametophyte is the plant in the generation where they have to do sexual reproduction.

Sexual

Gametophytes produce gametes, and 2 gametes from different plants fuse into a zygote and mature into sporophytes.

Asexual

Sporophytes make spores and then get released, and when they grow, they mature into gametophytes

Example: dandelions

Why do we believe plants evolved from charophytes?

We believe plants evolved from charophytes, which are actually protists. This is because they contain chlorophyll a and b, and can almost absorb every light wavelength. They are the only organism beside plants that form a cell plate during mitosis, and contain cellulose in their cell walls.

Explain how plants evolved

1. They started off as charophytes which lived in water

2. Then, they moved from water to land and had to prevent water loss by developing a waxy cuticle. They also needed stuctures to aid in gas exchange during photosynthesis, which is why they developed stoma. For reproduction, they developed pollen and spores to safely transport sex cells. After this, they evolved to bryophytes (mosses)

3. Bryophytes like moss were belived to be the first plant species to live on land since they developed cuticle and stoma, and they had no vascular tissue. They must live near water since they don't have vascular tissue. After the plant developed vascular tissue, it beccame a lycophyte and pterophyte

4. Lycophytes and pterophytes developed vascular tissue to transport water through their body, they can support water, they developed lignin to provide strength, and this allowed them to grow tall and photosynthesize better. Lycophytes and pterophytes didn'y have seeds, but spores

5. After this, the Gymnosperms and angiosperms developed. They developed seeds, had a protected gamete, they didn't need water, and animals could disperse their seeds, allowing them to grow everywhere.

Describe a gymnosperm

Gymnosperms mean naked seeds, and they produce cones

The male cones produce pollen and are released, and fertilize gametes in the female cone. The embryo develops in the cone

Describe Angiosperms

Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce fruit. Their bright colours help attract pollinators and animals which help disperse their seeds.

Define the terms pollen, ovule, diploid zygote, seed coat, Embryo, and cotyledon

Pollen: case for male gametes

Ovule: case for female gametes

Diploid Zygote: pollen enters the ovule and becomes the seed

Seed coat: protective barrier from damage and dehydration

Embryo: Will develop into sporophyteand release spores to reproduce

Cotyledon: Nutritive tissue that provides energy until the plant can do photosynthesis

What is germination

Germination is the process where the seed grows into a seedling. Factors that lead to the start of germination for most plant seeds include water, oxygen, and the right temperature.

Describe the 3 tropisms

Gravitropism: The term gravitropism is the movement and growth of a plant in response to gravity. There are specialised cells in the roots of a plant that contain dense starch granules that move in the cell in response to the force of gravity being put on it, which allows the roots of the plants to grow downward, and the stems to grow upward. It keeps the plant upright

Thigmotropism: Thigmotrophism is the growth of a plant in response to touch or contact. For example, if something like a support stick touches the tendrils of a plant, the tendrils would coil on the stick in response to the contact being made. This allows the plant to grow more upright. Thigmotropism provides structure for climbing plants and lets them reach sunlight and air, and also allows the roots of a plant to work their way around objects such as rocks in the dirt.

Phototropism: Phototropism in the growth and movement of a plant is a response to the direction of the light source. This causes the stem of the plant to bend toward the light source for photosynthesis. Blue light from the light source activates photoreceptors which trigger a signal in the plant, leading to the plant cells elongating in the direction of the light source. It maximises photosynthesis and is extremely important in areas that are more dense

Xylem versus Phloem

Xylem: vascular tissue that mainly transports water and dissolved minerals.

Phloem: vascular tissue that transports the plant's food

Still learning (67)

You've started learning these terms. Keep it up!