APCSP AP Test

Citizen Science

The general public participating in scientific research activities

Binary Search

An Efficient algorithm for finding a specific element within a list or array

Crowdsourcing

Obtaining information through a large group of people via the internet

Decryption

a process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text

Encryption

a process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it

D-Dos

When too many people are on a website and the website shuts down

Public Key Encryption

pairs a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The sender does not need the receiver’s private key to encrypt a message, but the receiver’s private key is required to decrypt the message. Uses two keys to encrypt a message

Symmetric Key Encryption

involves one key for both encryption and decryption, EX: Caesar Cypher

Problem

A general description of a task that can (or cannot) be solved with an algorithm

Algorithm

A finite set of instructions that accomplish a task.

Sequencing

putting steps in an order

Iteration

Doing some steps over and over

Phishing

When somebody pretends to be someone else, and tries to get money or private information out of you

Debug

To search for and eliminate malfunctioning elements or errors in code.

Algorithm

A finite set of unambiguous (unknown, don’t know what to do with it) instructions that, given some set of initial conditions, can be performed in a prescribed sequence to achieve a certain goal and that has a recognizable set of end conditions.

Debug

To search for and eliminate malfunctioning elements or errors in code.

Parameter

Values that are passed into a function. For example, a function to add three numbers might have three parameters. (entering grades, recalculate average grade)

Booleans(decisions)

Branch of algebra, answer yes or no to it

Heuristic

can’t find the exact answer in the amount of time given, when exact answer is impossible

Metadata

Data about data

Lossless Compression

Compressing data that is able to be retrieved

Overflow

Error from trying to represent a number that is too large

Rounding errors

Error from trying to represent a number that is too precise

Sampling

When you break it up into smaller pieces to make the picture more accurate

Analog

Manually made

Open Source

When code is put out there for free, and anybody can use it and redistribute it

Internet

Publicly available worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that trans, of data by packet switching over the internet protocol. It is made up of thousands of other, smaller, business, academic, and government networks. Interconnected network, and physical aspect of the internet.

World Wide Web

often used in everyday speech without much distinction However, the internet and World Wide Web are not the same. The Internet is a global data communication system. It is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides connectivity between computers. Simply, the “internet is a network of networks” where two or more two computers are connected through a wired or wireless network for sending and receiving data- such as text, video, songs, etc. The software coming at us. 

Bandwidth

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.

Computing Device

A machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

Computing Network

 a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data

Computing system

A group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose

Path

the connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.

UDP

Like protocol 1 or clearing the library as fast as possible. The goal is to send information quickly without worrying about accuracy. Send all packets but don't check if they all get through or arrive in the right order, useful when split seconds matter.

TCP

Like procoal 2 or numbering every book in the library. It's slower but more accurate. Number packets so they can be re-ordered, confirm all were received, and resend any missing packets. Multiple back-and-forth confirmations between sender and receiver. Useful when accuracy matters more than saving a split second, like sending emails, photos, or just browsing websites

Packet Metadata

Data added to packets to help route them through the network and reassemble the original message.

Datastream

Information passed through the internet in  packets

Packet

A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may

DNS Spoofing

When a hacker hacks the IP address of the server and changes the IP address to a fake website.

Scalability

the capacity for the system to change in size and scale to meet new demands

The Domain Name System

the system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses.

World Wide Web

A system of linked pages, programs, and files

Hyper Transfer Protocol

 a protocol for computers to request and share the pages that make up the World Wide Web on the internet.

Application layer

 Human-computer interaction layer, where applications can access the network services

Presentation layer

ensures that data is in a usable format and is where data encryption occurs

Session layer

Maintains connections and is responsible for controlling ports and sessions

Transport layer

Transmits data using transmission protocols including TCP and UDP the network layer divides which physical path the data will take

HTTP

The request to go on a website

Parallel Computing:

Breaking code down into smaller pieces that can be solved simultaneously

Distributed Computing Solutions

utilizing multiple networked computers to collaboratively solve complex problems that are beyond the capacity of a single machine