Milady Nail Technology Ch 2 General Anatomy and Physiology (NEW)

recognize the difference between what is considered normal and abnormal

Nail Technicians should have a thorough understanding of anatomy and physiology so they can:

Anatomy

The study of the structures of the human body and the substances these structures are made of.

Physiology

The study of the functions and activities performed by the body's structures.

Histology

The study of the structure and composition of tissue.

carrying on all life processes

Cells are responsible for:

jellylike substance

Protoplasm is a colorless, ______________ found inside cells in which food elements, such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water, are present.

reproduction and metabolism

The nucleus of the cell plays an important part in cell:

genetic makeup

Deoxyribonucleic acid is what determines our:

full of energy

Mitochondria work to keep the cell:

nerve impulses

Neurons are cells that transmit:

protoplasm

The cell membrane encloses the ______________ and permits soluble substances to enter and leave.

daughter

Mitosis is the process through which the cell divides into two identical cells, called _______ cells.

Metabolism

A chemical process through which the cells are nourished and carry out their activities.

Anabolism

______________ is called constructive metabolism because it is the process of combining smaller molecules to build larger and more complex molecules.

Catabolism

______________ is the phase of metabolism in which larger, more complex molecules are broken down within the cells to create smaller, simpler molecules.

connective

This fibrous tissue binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body.

epithelial

Examples of this tissue are the skin, mucous membranes, the tissue inside the mouth, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and glands:

muscle

This tissue contracts and moves various parts of the body:

nerve

This tissue carries messages through the central nervous system to control and coordinate all bodily functions:

digestive

This system includes the esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, liver, and small and large intestines.

heart

The circulatory system includes the blood vessels and the :

endocrine

This system includes the adrenal gland, pituitary gland, and pancreas:

endocrine

This system affects the growth and development, sexual activities, and normal regulatory processes of the body:

excretory

This system includes the kidneys and the bladder:

integumentary

The largest organ of the body is part of this body system:

protect the body from disease

The spleen and lymph are the organs that make up the lymphatic system and their function is to:

brain

The nervous system includes which organs?

uterus, ovaries, penis, testes

The reproductive system includes which of the following organs?

lungs

The respiratory system enables this organ to enable breathing;

skeletal

The _____________ system forms the physical foundation of the body.

206

How many bones are in an adult human body?

storing most of the body's blood supply

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?

two or more bones

A joint is a connection between _____________ of the skeleton.

humerus

The uppermost and largest bone of the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder is the ______________.

ulna

The longer bone of the forearm is the:

radius

The shorter of the two bones of the forearm is the:

carpus

The ______________, also known as the wrist, is a flexible joint composed of a group of eight small irregular bones held together by ligaments.

metacarpus

The bones of the palm of the hand are referred to as the:

fingers

The phalanges are the bones of the:

femur, tibia, and fibula

The bones of the leg include:

a heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee

The femur is described as:

accessory

The patella, also called the _____________ bone, forms the cap of the knee joint.

metatarsal

The ankle joint is made up of three bones; the tibia, the talus, and the ___________.

26

The foot is made up of ________ bones.

striated

Voluntary muscles are:

latissimus dorsi

The large, flat triangular muscle covering the lower back is the:

pectoralis major and minor

The muscle of the chest that assists the swinging movements of the arm is the:

serratus anterior

The muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm is the:

trapezius

The muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back is the:

bicep

The muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm is the:

tricep

The large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm is the :

extensors

The muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line are known as the:

flexors

The muscle of the wrist, involved in bending the wrist, are known as the:

abductors

The muscles that separate the fingers are the:

extensor digitorum longus

The _____________ bends the foot up and extends the toes.

peroneus longus

The ____________ covers the outer side of the calf and inverts the foot and turns it outward.

gastrocnemius

The ______________ is attached to the lower rear surface of the heel and pulls the foot down.

maintain balance while walking

The flexor digitorum brevis moves lesser toes and helps:

toes

The abductor digiti minimi separates the:

body movements and facial expressions

The central nervous system controls:

central nervous system

The peripheral nervous system carries impulses, or messages, to and from the:

involuntary muscles

The autonomic nervous system controls the:

12

The brain sends and receives messages through ____________ pairs of cranial nerves that originate in the brain and reach various parts of the head, face, and neck.

the spinal column

The spinal cord originates in the brain, extends down the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by:

dendrites

Treelike branches of nerve fibers extending from the nerve cell that carry impulses toward the cell and receive impulses from other neurons.

away from

The axon and axon terminal send impulses ________________ the cell body to the neurons, glands, or muscles.

sense organs

Sensory nerves carry impulses or messages from the ___________ to the brain.

motor nerves

_______________ are responsible for movement.

digital

The ___________ nerve supplies the fingers.

median

The ___________ nerves are smaller and supply the arm and hands.

back of the hand

The radial nerve supplies the thumb side of the arm and the _______________.

the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand

What does the ulnar nerve affect?

tibial

The ____________ nerve supplies impulses to the knee; the muscles of the calf; the skin of the leg; and the sole, heel, and underside of the toes.

common peroneal

The __________ nerve extends from behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg, where it divides into two branches.

deep peroneal

The ___________ nerve extends down the front of the leg, behind the muscles. It supplies impulses to these muscles and also to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes.

superficial peroneal

The ______________ nerve extends down the leg, just under the skin, supplying impulses to the muscles and the skin of the leg.

leg and foot

The saphenous nerve supplies impulses to the skin of the inner side of the:

heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries

The blood vascular system consists of the:

wastes and impurities

Lymph is a clear fluid that circulates throughout the body and helps to carry _________ away from the cells.

pericardium

The heart is enclosed by a double-layered membranous sac known as the:

9 ounces

The heart weighs approximately:

sending the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified, then taking it back to the heart again

Pulmonary circulation is responsible for:

Artieries

______________ are thick-walled, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries.

veins

These contain cuplike valves that prevent backflow and carry blood containing waste products from the capillaries back to the heart and lungs for cleaning and to pick up oxygen.

hemoglobin

Red blood cells contain:

destroy disease-causing microorganisms

The function of white blood cells is to:

equalizes the body's temperature

Blood performs the following critical function:

little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand

The ulnar artery supplies blood to the:

lower leg muscles and to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot

The anterior tibial artery supplies blood to the:

lymph nodes

The lymphatic/immune system is responsible for removing waste material from the body cells by the ______________, whose filtering process helps to fight infection.

health of the entire body

Which of the following is the endocrine system responsible for:

pineal

The ___________ gland plays a major role in sexual development, sleep, and metabolism.

pituitary

The _____________ gland affects almost every physiologic process of the body.

parathyroid

The ______________ gland regulates blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly.

pancreas

The _____________ is/are responsible for secreting enzyme-producing cells that aid in digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

adrenal gland

The ____________ is/are responsible for the flight-or-flight response.

gastrointestinal

The digestive system is also called the _____________ system.

chemicals

Digestive enzymes are _________________ that changes certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body.

9

The entire process of digesting food normally takes about how many hours?

kidney

Which of the following organs does NOT play a role in the digestive system?