Chapter 18 dates

common ancestor of all primates

in Europe, Africa, and Asia

70-79.2 mya

sahelanthropus achadensis

~7 mya

vertical foramen magnum

orrorin tugenesis

hominin

6 mya

Kenya

femur ball like modern humans - bearing weight

Ardipithecus

~6-4.4 mya

Ethiopia

very small brain ~ 300-350 cc

human like short fingers

opposable big toe

rest of foot stiffer than chimp feet

(move toward ground dwelling) - adapted for both bipedal walking and arboreal life

Australopithecus afarensis

3.7-3 mya

Ethiopia

flaring rib cages

chimp-like brains

Australopithecus africanus

~4.2-1 mya

"lucy" (1974) Ethiopia

feet and hips partially adapted for bipedalism

could likely walk on ground but also climbed in trees

Paranthropus

(likely 2.7-1.2 mya)

bosei and robustus

large sagittal ridge for powerful anchoring of jaw muscles

Australopithecene

4.2-1 mya

East and South Africa

hominin belonging to Australopithecus and Paranthropus

small brained (~400 cc)

bipedal

double curved spine

still long limbs for tree climbing

ankles rotate freely

flaring rib cages

long, curved toes and fingers

(came after ardipithecus)

used tools ~3.3 mya

LD 350-1

~2.8 mya

Ethiopia

oldest Homo taxa

small teeth

(just found left lower jaw)

Denisovan

~500,000 years ago cave (Denisova) in Altai Mountains of Siberia

interbred with neanderthals

Homo habilis

~2.4 mya

Africa

"handy man"

used Oldowan stone tools

slightly larger brain (~600 cc)

more vertical face w/o snout

fingers capable of precision grip

Homo erectus

~1.8 mya in Indonesia

~1.5 mya in Kenya

narrower hips

smaller jaws, cheek and teeth, long legs, and arched feet - more suited for long distance running

larger brain (650-1200 cc)

Homo neanderthalensis

500,000 - 400,000 years ago

Europe, Near East, and Western Asia

larger brain - sometimes larger than modern day humans

stockier build, ornamentation

used Levallois tools

Homo sapien

300,000 years ago- current

discovered in Morocco, remained in Africa for ~200,000 years

found in Near East ~120,000 years ago

larger brain (~1500 cc), small face tucked below brain case, rounded cranial vault, small brow ridges, figurative art, full blown language

Pierolapithecus

hominin

13 mya

Spain

lacked tail found on most monkeys and other primates

Sahelanthropis

hominin

7 mya

formamen magnum oriented vertically

Homo heidelbergensis

800,000 years ago

Africa and Europe

larger brain than H. erectus

evolved Acheulean tools (wooden spears)

A transitional species between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens

Homo floresiensis

700,000 - 60,000 years ago

Indonesian island of Flores

~100cm tall w/ tiny skulls (~417 cc)

taller statured relatives spread to Asia

smaller statured relatives spread to Indonesia

living apes split from ancestors of Old World monkeys between _________-__________________ yrs ago

30.4 and 35.1 million

Dos Reis et. al. estimated the ancestors of humans diverged from the ancestors of chimpanzees and bonobos ~_______-________ yrs ago

~7.3-8.4 million

what is the oldest hominin found to date?

~7 mya

Sahelanthropus

when did woody covers reach their greatest extent (~40-60%)?

~3.6 mya

this led to shift from tree-dwelling to walking on the ground between spaced out trees

at what point in time did sea-worms have left-right symmetry as we know today?

~600 mya

systems essential for feelings developed ~_________________years ago

~100 mya

earliest fossils found

~55 mya

(Eocene)

N. American primates dissappeared

~33.9 mya

oldest fossil hominins outside of Africa

~1.8 mya

(stone tools found in China ~2.1 my old... controversial)

footprints of Australopithecines

3.6 my old

first hominin stone tools

~1.75 mya

Levallois tool kit

~400,000 years ago

striking of flakes from prepared core scrapers, knifes, projectile points

mammal bones discovered in Ethiopia with bear marks consistent with stone cutting tools

~3.4 mya

Acheulean toolkit developed ___________________ years ago and was used until ~______________ years ago

~1.8 million

used until ~100,000 years ago

more sophisticatedly shaped rocks for specific functions (axes and cleavers)

geometric engravings discovered on a shell; oldest known are ___________________ years old

500,000 years

larger brained hominins emerged within the last ________________________________ years

800,000

several lineages of hominins lived as recently as ____________________________ years ago

40,000

figurative art

~40,000 years ago

hominin brains began to increase in size ___________ years ago; growth accelerated ~______________ years ago

hominin brains began to increase in size ~2 million years ago; growth accelerated ~1 million years ago

homo naledi lived ~ ___________________ years ago, very recently

236,000 years ago

Homo georgicus - Homo hominin fossils found in Georgia

~1.8 mya

hallmarks of homo but with short stature and small braincase (~600 cc)

oldowan technology

~2.6 mya

hominins made these tools for crushing, cutting, and other functions