MMSC200 Chapter 7 version 2

acetone

Ketone body produced in abnormal amounts in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when there is excessive fat breakdown in cells

albuminuria

Protein in the urine

antidiuretic hormone

Pituitary gland hormone that normally stimulates the kidney to decrease production of urine, preventing excess loss of water. Also called vasopressin

anuria

Suppression of urine formation by the kidney

arteriole

Small artery

azotemia

Excess of nitrogenous waste products in the blood; uremia

bacteriuria

Bacteria in the urine

calciferol

An active form of vitamin D, necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine

caliceal

Pertaining to a calyx (cup-shaped collecting chamber in the central portion of the kidney)

caliectasis

Dilation or widening of a calyx; this occurs when urine is backed up in the kidney as in hydronephrosis

calyx (calix)

Cup-shaped collecting region in the renal pelvis (central section of the kidney)

catheter

Tube for injecting or removing fluids

cortex

Outer region of an organ; renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney

cortical

Pertaining to the cortex (outer region of an organ)

creatinine

Nitrogen-containing waste product of muscle metabolism; excreted by the kidney in urine

creatinine clearance

Measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney

CT urography

X-ray images using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney

cystectomy

Excision (removal) of the urinary bladder

cystitis

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

cystoscopy

Visual examination of the urinary bladder

cystostomy

New opening of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

diabetes insipidus

Abnormal condition of inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland; patients experience polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst)

diabetes mellitus

Lack of insulin secretion (Type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (Type 2) leading to a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in cells

diuresis

Increased excretion of urine by the kidneys; a diuretic is an agent that increases diuresis, such as tea, coffee, or water

dysuria

Painful urination

edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces

electrolyte

Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water; examples: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-)

enuresis

Bedwetting; literally, ''in urine"

erythropoietin

Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production by bone marrow

essential hypertension

High blood pressure due to no apparent cause

filtration

Process by which some substances, but not all, pass through a filter or other type of material

glomerular capsule

Cup-like structure that surrounds each glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule

glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of glomeruli in the kidney

glomerulus

Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the cortex of the kidney; as blood flows through each glomerulus, waste materials and other substances are filtered from the bloodstream

glycosuria

Sugar in the urine

hematuria

Blood in the urine

hemodialysis

A treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood; helps control blood pressure and balance important minerals, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, in your blood

hilum

Depression or hollow in the surface of an organ, such as the kidney and lung. It is the area where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the organ

hydronephrosis

Abnormal condition of excess backup of fluid (urine) in the kidney

hyperkalemia

Abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood

hyponatremia

Refers to a low level of sodium in the blood; may result from excess fluid in the body relative to a normal amount of sodium, or it may be due to a loss of sodium and body fluid caused by chronic conditions like kidney or congestive heart failure

interstitial nephritis

Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules

intravesical

Within the urinary bladder

ketonuria

Presence of ketones in the urine; common in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, but can occur in any time the body begins to break down fatty tissue to provide energy as in starvation

ketosis

Accumulation of large quantities of ketone bodies (acetones) in the blood; ketoacidosis

kidney

One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region

lithotripsy

Process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone within the kidney or ureter

meatal stenosis

Narrowing of the meatus (opening) leading from the urethra to the outside of the body

meatus

A passage or opening leading to the interior of the body

medulla

Inner region of an organ

medullary

Pertaining to the medulla or an organ

MRI urography

Process of taking MRI images of the urinary tract after injecting contrast

nephrolithiasis

Abnormal condition of kidney stones

nephrolithotomy

Incision of the kidney to remove a stone

nephron

Functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting tubule

nephropathy

Disease of the kidneys

nephroptosis

Prolapse of a kidney; floating or wandering kidney

nephrostomy

Opening of the kidney to the outside of the body

nephrotic syndrome

Group of symptoms that occur due to loss of protein in the urine; symptoms include edema (swelling of tissues), hypoalbuminemia (loss of protein from the blood), proteinuria, and susceptibility to infection; this condition is also known as nephrosis

nitrogenous waste

Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine; examples are urea, creatinine, and uric acid

nocturia

Urinary frequency at night

oliguria

Scanty urination

parenchyma

Essential, functioning cells of any organ; neurons (nerve cells) are the parenchyma of the nervous system

paranephric

Pertaining to beside or near a kidney

peritoneal dialysis

Separation of nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream by introducing fluid into the peritoneal cavity; wastes then leave the bloodstream and enter the fluid, which is drained through an abdominal catheter

phenylketonuria

Excess of phenylketones in the urine; diagnosed by a PKU test at birth

polycystic kidney disease

Kidneys are filled with cysts that prevent normal kidney function

polydipsia

Excessive thirst

polyuria

Excessive urination

potassium

Chemical element that forms salts with other minerals such as calcium and is vital for bodily processes; when dissolved in water, it is an electrolyte whose balance is regulated by the kidney

pyelolithotomy

Incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis of the kidney

pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection

pyuria

Pus in the urine; sign of urinary tract infection (UTI)

reabsorption

Process in the kidney by which the renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

renal angiography

X-ray record of blood vessels of the kidney after injecting contrast material

renal angioplasty

X-ray record of blood vessels of the kidney after injecting contrast material

renal artery

Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

renal calculi

Kidney stones

renal cell carcinoma

Malignant tumor of the kidney in an adult

renal colic

Severe pain resulting from stones (calculi) in a ureter or in the kidney (renal pelvis)

renal failure

Failure of the kidneys to produce and excrete urine

renal hypertension

High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

renal ischemia

Condition in which blood is held back from the kidney, often by blockage of renal arteries and arterioles

renal pelvis

Central collecting chamber of the kidney

renal transplantation

Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient

renal tubule

Microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

renal vein

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and back toward the heart

renin

A substance (enzyme) synthesized, stored and secreted by the kidney to raise blood pressure. It causes narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels

retrograde pyelogram

X-ray record of the kidney, ureters, and urinary bladder after injection of contrast material through a urinary catheter into the ureters

secondary hypertension

High blood pressure caused by kidney disease or by other disorders

sodium

Chemical element necessary for cellular functioning. As an electrolyte, its blood and urine levels are regulated by the kidney

stricture

Narrowing of a tubular structure in the body

trigone

Triangular area in the urinary bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits

trigonitis

Inflammation of the trigone of the urinary bladder

urea

Major nitrogenous waste material in urine

uremia

Excessive amount of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood

ureter

One of two tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

ureteroileostomy

New opening of the ureters to an isolated portion of the ileum that has been removed from its normal location and connected to the outside of the body; serves as a passageway for urine to leave the body when the urinary bladder is not functioning

ureteroneocystostomy

Surgical transplantation of a ureter to a new site in the urinary bladder; this occurs with a kidney transplant

ureteroplasty

Surgical repair of urethra