WHAP-Period 2 writing test SHE's

Ivan IV "The Terrible"

Brutal leader who put down Boyar revolts, expanded Russia, and strengthened their military overall.

Czar

A title for the autocratic Russian ruler.

Serfs

The peasant class who worked on nobles' land.

Serfdom

A system in which serfs were bound to a piece of land and had to work on it indefinitely.

Boyars

The Russian, rich, land-owning, noble class.

Autocrat

A supreme ruler with total power over a territory and its people.

Cossacks

Russian pioneers sent to occupy new land that the Russians have conquered, and have more freedom there.

Westernization

The process by which a society comes under the influence of Western (European) culture. (Ex: Russians getting Christmas from Europe.)

"Time of Troubles"

Period of war and political conflicts between Poland and Russia.

Ivan III

Completely liberated Russia from Mongol rule in the area. Took the title of Czar after a rather peaceful conclusion to their war.

Peter I "The Great"

Czar who enabled the westernization (bringing in western influence) of Russia.

Catherine The Great

Czar known for violence towards serfs (peasants) and expanding the Russian territory.

Romanov Family

Ruled Russia as the "Time of Troubles" concluded.

Sultans

Political and religious Islamic rulers (secular + religious influence). Seen in the Ottoman Empire.

Devshirme

Christian boys kidnapped from families and trained to become soldiers & convert to Islam, considered slaves.

Sharia law

Islamic set of laws.

Suleiman I

The greatest Ottoman leader, who established Sharia (Islamic) Law, and ushered in the golden age of the Ottomans.

Theocracy

A government ruled by a religious leader (ex. Ottomans having a sultan).

Janissaries

The highest-ranking branch of the Ottoman army, but those from the devshirme were of a very low social status, as they were still considered slaves of the state.

Akhbar the Great

Brought in the golden age of the Mughal Empire, by implementing a strong policy of religious toleration.

Shah Abbas I

Helped bolster the Safavid military, implementing ideas, techniques, and strategies from Europe, while perfecting the use of gunpowder weapons.

Shah

The title of the leader of the Safavid empire.

Strait of Hormuz

The most significant waterway for oil and trade, a very important choke point that fell under Safavid control.

Gunpowder

Allowed for guns and bombs to be made, which were very destructive and allowed for areas to be conquered much easier.

Battle of Chaldiran

Important military conflict between the Sunni Ottomans and Shi'a Safavids, in which the Ottomans checked the Safavids and stopped them from expanding further.

Sunni Islam

Islamic branch that was indifferent to who the caliph was; more tolerant.

Shi'a Islam

Islamic branch who believed that the caliph should be related to Muhammad, believed Ali should have been the first caliph.

Sufism

A smaller Islamic branch that focuses on a humble life with rituals and prayer, spread quickly due to its appeal to various social classes and its easy-to-follow nature.

The Renaissance

The rebirth of art and learning; started in Italy.

Humanism

Focus on human potential.

Secularism

Worldly viewpoint, with less concern for religion.

Patrons of the arts

People who donated money to support the arts.

Medici Family

Wealthy family which sponsored the arts greatly.

Baldassare Castiglione

Wrote 'The Courtier'.

Donatello

The first sculpture to use realistic techniques to capture life in stone.

Masaccio

Invented perspective art.

Michealangalo

Sculptor that made the St. Peters Basilica, as well as 'David', one of the most influential and famous statues in the world.

Leonardo da Vinci

Influential artist who painted famous works such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

Raphael

Painted the 'School of Athens', blending Ancient Greece with the Renaissance.

Courtier

Book talking about how to be a 'Renaissance man' and embrace Renaissance ideas.

Printing Press

Device that helped copy texts and print them on a large scale, helping spread new ideas.

Gutenberg Bible

First book that was printed, allowing for more people to read the Bible and call for religious change.

Vernacular

Writing in your native language.

Machiavelli

Wrote 'The Prince'.

The Prince

Machiavelli's book which discussed the process of becoming a dictator.

Thomas Moore

Wrote 'Utopia', a book discussing a 'perfect world'.

Shakespeare

A playwright that created famous pieces such as Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. He introduced the idea of 'platonic love stories'.

Johann Gutenberg

The inventor of the perfected printing press. By printing the Gutenberg Bible, many people could read the Bible for themselves, allowing for them to see the flaws in church practices at the time.

Queen Elizabeth I

Queen of England; embraced Renaissance ideas.

Elizabethan Age

Period of time in England where England was peaceful, especially in regards to the church.

Indulgences

A religious pardon in which one could obtain forgiveness from the church; very corrupt process as these could be paid for.

Martin Luther

German monk who wrote his 95 Theses.

95 Theses

A list of grievances from Martin Luther about the corruption within the Catholic Church. Helped begin the call for a reform in the church.

Lutherans

followers of Martin Luther

Protestants

non-catholic Christians

Anglican Church

A peaceful church of England that Queen Elizabeth established that was English and allowed priests to have families

Peace of Augsburg

ended the war between Catholics and Protestants, said people can believe whatever they want.

Edict of Worms

Martin Luther is declared a heretic and outlaw

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Henry tells Parliament to give the King complete power.

Predestination

God already knows who is going to be saved

Presbyterian church

Church of Scotland, and believed in predestination

Jesuits

"Society of Jesus" believed in education and the stopping of the spread of Protestantism.

Anabaptists

When you're old enough, you can choose to be baptised

Council of Trent

Decided that the church's authority is final, the teachings are based on tradition and the bible, and to get to heaven you need faith and good works.

The Tower of London

an Infamous prison for execution

Excommunicate

The process of banning someone from the church and the holy sacraments.

White Lotus Society

Secret religious society that planned to revolt against the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

Hongwu

Led the revolt against the Yuan Dynasty, overthrew them, and established the Ming Dynasty. Started to bring back traditional Chinese elements from Tang/Song China.

Confucianism

Traditional Chinese philosophy valuing respect and honor in society. Involves the idea of filial piety (respect for elders)

Neo-Confucianism

Traditional Confucianism incorporating Buddhist and Daoist beliefs.

Civil Service Exams

Mandatory exams required to be taken in order to hold certain jobs in the Chinese meritocracy

Bureaucracy

A system of government/society in which members of the government are appointed and everyone fulfills a certain role in society.

Meritocracy

A form of bureaucracy in which the right people work the right jobs; Civil Service Exams determine readiness for each job.

Zheng He

Muslim Chinese Admiral who went on 7 massive voyages to demonstrate the might of the Ming Dynasty and collect tribute.

Shinto

The "religion of nature" found in Japan

Sinification

The process by which neighboring states, such as Japan would send students to China in order to learn about Chinese culture and ideas

Zen Buddhism

A form of Buddhism in which compassion was highly valued and was to be desired by all of its followers.

Shogun

The"supreme military leaders of Japan". Often granted land to the daimyo within their shogunates

Daimyo

Noble landowners, controlled the land after receiving it from their shogun

Samurai

The protectors of the land in feudal Japan; followed Bushido

Bushido

The code of honor for Samurai; Honor was the most important aspect of one's life

Feudalism

A fragmented society that is based on control/ownership/management of land.

Shogunate

A large province/district of Japan under the jurisdiction of a certain shogun.