AI Women's health

What hormone is responsible for ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Which hormone inhibits FSH secretion and what cells produce it?

Inhibin; produced by granulosa cells.

Define folliculogenesis.

Development of ovarian follicles from primordial to mature follicle.

What cell type secretes hCG?

Syncytiotrophoblast.

What helps with expulsion of the fetus?

Uterine contractions and the Valsalva maneuver.

At what stage of human development does implantation occur?

Pre-embryonic stage (around day 7).

Where is relaxin produced?

Corpus luteum and placenta.

What gland is responsible for lubricating and mucus production during sex?

Greater vestibular glands.

Which sources produce progesterone and estrogen during the last 7 months of pregnancy?

Placenta.

What part of the brain produces GnRH and what hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

Hypothalamus produces GnRH; anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH.

What is the corpus luteum and what hormones does it produce?

Temporary endocrine gland that forms after ovulation; produces estrogen and progesterone.

What is the difference between prolactin and oxytocin?

Prolactin stimulates milk production; oxytocin stimulates milk ejection.

What is the tunica albuginea and what does it consist of?

Dense connective tissue capsule surrounding the ovary.

What is the significance of progesterone on the uterus?

Builds and maintains the uterine lining for implantation.

What is menarche?

The first menstrual cycle (~age 11–12).

What is precocious puberty?

Puberty occurring at an unusually early age.

What hormone is the basis for pregnancy diagnosis?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

What tissues react to prolactin?

Mammary gland alveoli and ducts.

What is the most significant cause of hemorrhoids during pregnancy?

Compression of pelvic veins and slowed intestinal motility.

What are the secretory units on mammary glands that produce milk?

Alveoli.

What is the normal function of uterine tubes?

Transport oocyte to uterus; site of fertilization.

From which layer is the femur derived?

Mesoderm.

Define true labor.

Regular, strong uterine contractions with cervical dilation and effacement.

On what day does implantation typically occur?

Around day 7 post-fertilization.

From which layer does neurulation/development of the nervous system occur?

Ectoderm.

What does gastrulation result in?

Formation of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

What is implantation?

The embedding of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium.

What is the order of structures sperm penetrates during fertilization?

Corona radiata → Zona pellucida → Plasma membrane.

What is the external os of the cervix?

Inferior opening of cervix into vagina.

What are the functions of the uterus?

Implantation, nourish embryo/fetus, expel fetus at birth, menstruation.

What are the structures of the uterine tube and their functions?

Infundibulum: captures oocyte with fimbriae; Ampulla: site of fertilization; Isthmus: narrow segment leading to uterus; Uterine part: penetrates uterine wall.

What type of oocyte follicle is found in female infants?

Primordial follicle.

What is the embryologic development of external/internal genitalia?

Female development occurs in absence of SRY gene.

What hormone secreted by the placenta darkens the linea alba?

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).

What is the labor feedback mechanism?

Positive feedback loop (oxytocin → uterine contractions → more oxytocin).

What structure exchanges nutrients and wastes between mother and fetus?

Chorionic villi of the placenta.

What hormones are involved during labor?

Estrogen, oxytocin, prostaglandins.

What are the respiratory system changes during pregnancy?

Increased respiratory rate, tidal volume, and oxygen consumption; elevated diaphragm.

What stops ovarian follicle development during pregnancy?

High levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH.

What are the fingerlike structures of the placenta?

Chorionic villi.

What structure is important for early blood cell formation?

Yolk sac.

What is the thin membrane that secretes fluid to bathe the embryo?

Amnion.

Which layer of the uterine wall is sloughed off in menstruation?

Functional layer of the endometrium.

What is the anterior border of the perineum?

Pubic symphysis.

What is the most primitive type of ovarian follicle?

Primordial follicle.

What type of follicle contains a secondary oocyte?

Mature (Graafian) follicle.