Anat and phys quiz 4

Pascal’s law

the pressure in the mouth must be the same as that of the alveoli

Boyle’s law

when the volume of a gas increases, its pressure becomes lower

Tidal volume (TV)

he amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle. 0.5L in an average healthy adult

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal inhalation.

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.

Residual volume (RV)

is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation. Approximately 1.2 liters in healthy adults

Resting expiratory level (REL)

the point at which the respiratory system is at equilibrium, where the forces of the lungs and chest wall are balanced.

Inspiratory capacity

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Above REL. TV + IRV

Expiratory capacity

he maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal inhalation. TV + ERV ]

Functional residual capacity

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration. It is a key component of lung function and is composed of two parts, ERV and RV. important for maintaining adequate gas exchange and preventing lung collapse.

Vital capacity

the total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It is a measure of lung function and respiratory health.

Total lung capacity

the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold. It is the sum of all lung volumes, including TV, IRV, ERV, RV . typically measured in liters and varies based on age, sex, and body composition.

Quiet respiration

breathing to sustain life. Inhalation = exhalation

Speech respiration

unique adjustment for nonbiological functions. Inhalation < exhalation. Intercostals play an important role.

Forced respiration

breathing during intense physical activity. Inhalation > exhalation

Lower respiratory tract

Trachea, bronchi, lungs

Thoracic cavity

Between neck and diaphragm, surrounded by rib cage, contains vital organs, crucial for respiratory and cardiovascular system

Right vagus nerve

Extends to lungs

Right lung anatomy

upper/superior lobe, middle lobe on anterior side, lower/inferior lobe (largest among right lung lobe)

Horizontal fissure

separates upper and middle lobes in right lung

Oblique fissure

Separates middle and lower lobes on right lung, extends diagonally from posterior to anterior lung

Left lung anatomy

Upper/superior lobe, lower/inferior lobe (largest of ALL), oblique fissure

Mediastinum (septum)

Membrane covering heart

Parietal Pleura (outer membrane)

-Fibrous connective tissue

-lining of inner wall of thorax,

-attached to costal, cervical, diaphragmatic, and mediastinal surfaces

-projects into the root of the neck as the cupula (cervical part)

Visceral pleura (covers inner organs)

Layer of simple squamous epithelium over surface of lung. It provides a moistened and lubricated surface for lung movement

costal pleura

covers the thoracic cavity and is continuous with the visceral pleura, which covers the lungs. Its primary function is to facilitate lung expansion and contraction during breathing.

Diaphragmatic pleura

membrane covering the diaphragm, facilitating lung movement and protecting underlying structures.

Mediastinal pleura

part of the pleura, which is a double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs. It specifically lines the mediastinum, the central compartment of the thoracic cavity., and facilitates movement during respiration.

Cervical pleura

also known as the suprapleural membrane, is a continuation of the pleura that extends into the neck region. It covers the apex of the lung and is reinforced by connective tissue. This structure helps protect the lung and provides a barrier against infections and other potential issues in the cervical area.

Pleural cavity

the space between the two pleurae (the membranes surrounding the lungs). It contains pleural fluid, which reduces friction during breathing and allows the lungs to expand and contract smoothly. plays a crucial role in respiratory mechanics and helps maintain lung inflation.

Hilum (lung root)

The point of vessels, nerves and bronchi

Pulmonary artery is the uppermost structure

Bronchus is the most posterior structure

Phrenic nerve intervates diaphragm

Trachea (windpipe)

Extends from the larynx and branches into the bronchi

Bronchi

Two main branches of the trachea

Main/ primary Bronchus

First divisions entering each lung

Wider, shorter, and more vertical right

Lobar/ secondary bronchi

3 on the right

2 on the left

Segmental bronchi

Supply air to individual lung segments

Bronchopulmonary segments

Bronchioles

No cartilage in their walls

Lead to alveoli where gas exchange occurs

Bronchopulmonary segments of upper right lobe

Apical, posterior, anterior

Bronchopulmonary segments of middle right lobe

Lateral, medial

Bronchopulmonary segments of lower right lobe

superior, medial basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

Bronchopulmonary segments of upper left lobe

apicoposterior, anterior, superior lingular, inferior lingular

Bronchopulmonary segments of lower left lobe

superior, anteromedial basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

Vertebrae

Mobility, spinal cord protection, nerve supply

Mobility

connect with the ribs, rib cage expansion and contraction

Spinal cord protection

Important for diaphragm and intercostal muscle intervation

Nerve Supply

Intercostal nerves contract intercostal muscles during inhalation

Sternum(breastbone)

Attachment point for ribs via costal cartilage protecting vital organs of the thoracic cavity

Increase thoracic volume and facilitates airflow into the lungs

Diaphragm

Dome shaped, thick sheet of skeletal muscle and connective tissue

At the floor of the thoracic cavity separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Principle muscle of inspiration

Innervated by the phrenic nerves

External intercostals and inhalation

between ribs running obliquely down and forward from one rib to the next

External intercostals contract- ribs elevate- thoracic cavity expands

Active during deep or forceful inhalation

Internal intercostals and exhalation

Lie deeper running obliquely downward and backward and also between the ribs

forced exhalation, internal intercostals contract- ribs move downward and inward, thoracic cavity decreases

Quiet breathing, exhalation facilitated by passive elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall