Child Psychopathology Exam 2

mood disorder

mood disorder

a disorder in which the subject suffers from extreme, persistent, or poorly regulated emotional states

includes disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder

dysphoria

a negative mood state characterized by prolonged bouts of sadness

anhedonia

a negative mood state characterized by a lack of enjoyment in anything one does and a loss of interest in nearly all activities

irritability

a common symptom of major depressive disorder and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder characterized by easy annoyance and touchiness, an angry mood, and temper outbursts

mania

an abnormally elevated or expansive mood

euphoria

an exaggerated sense of well-being

major depressive disorder (MDD)

a form of depressive disorder characterized by five or more mood, cognitive, psychomotor, or somatic symptoms that have been present during the same 2-week period; at least one of the symptoms is depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, or markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day

persistent depressive disorder (PDD)/dysthymia

a depressive disorder associated with depressed or irritable mood; generally fewer, less severe, but longer-lasting symptoms than seen in MDD, and significant impairment in functioning

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

a DSM-5 depressive disorder characterized by:

1. frequent and severe temper outbursts that are extreme reactions to the situation or provocation

2. chronic, persistently irritable or angry mood that is present between the severe temper outbursts

emotion regulation

the processes by which emotional arousal is redirected, controlled, or modified to facilitate adaptive functioning

Primary and Secondary Control Enhancement Training (PASCET)

a 15-session, individualized CBT-based program for youths 8 to 15 who have depression

primary control skills (ACT skills)

changing objective events in their lives (e.g., changing the activities they engage in)

secondary control skills (THINK skills)

altering the subjective impact of stressful life events (e.g., altering their negative thoughts and feelings)

the ACTION program

a comprehensive CBT approach for children with depression

designed to focus on girls ages 9-13

involves both parents and children

ACTION acronym

always find something to do to feel better

catch the positive

think about it as a problem to be solved

inspect the situation

open yourself to the positive

never get stuck in the negative muck

Adolescent Coping with Depression Program (CWD-A)

a nonstigmatizing psychoeducational approach that emphasizes skills training to promote adolescents’ control over their moods and enhancement of their ability to cope with problematic situations

Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Adolescent Depression (IPT-A)

based on the idea that adolescent depression affects relationships, which in turn affect mood

bipolar disorder (BP)

a type of mood disorder characterized by an ongoing combination of extreme highs and extreme lows

anxiety

a mood state characterized by strong negative affect, bodily symptoms of tension, and apprehensive anticipation of future danger or misfortune

anxiety disorders

a disorder in which the child experiences excessive and debilitating anxiety

fight/flight response

the immediate reaction to perceived danger or threat whereby efforts are directed toward protecting against potential harm, either by confronting the source of danger (fight), or by escaping from the situation (flight)

fear

an alarm reaction to current danger or life-threatening emergencies; marked by strong escape-oriented tendencies and a surge in the sympathetic nervous system

panic

a group of unexpected physical symptoms of the fight/flight response that occur in the absence of any obvious threat or danger

separation anxiety disorder (SAD)

characterized by excessive worry regarding separation from home or parents

specific phobia

characterized by severe and unreasonable fears and avoidance of a specific object or situation that in reality poses little or no danger or threat

social anxiety disorder

characterized by a severe and unreasonable fear of being embarrassed or humiliated when doing something in front of peers or adults

selective mutism

characterized by a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation for speaking, even though the child may speak loudly and frequently at home or in other settings

panic disorder (PD)

characterized by recurrent, unexpected, and severe panic attacks

agoraphobia

characterized by fear or anxiety about two or more situations such as using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces, being in a crowd, or being outside of the home alone

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

characterized by ongoing and excessive worry about many events and activities

school refusal behavior

a form of anxious behavior in which the child refuses to attend classes or has difficulty remaining in school for an entire day

panic attack

an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes and during which time is accompanied by four (or more) physical and cognitive symptoms

body dysmorphic disorder

disorder characterized by a preoccupation with defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable by or appear slight to others

hoarding disorder

disorder characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

trichotillomania

hair loss from compulsive pulling out or twisting of one’s own hair

excoriation disorder

disorder characterized by recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions, repeated attempts to stop skin picking, and significant distress and impairment in important areas of life functioning

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress; the individual attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, urges, or images or to neutralize them with some other thought or action

obsessions

persistent, intrusive, and irrational thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that focus on improbable or unrealistic events or on real-life events that are greatly exaggerated

compulsions

repetitive, purposeful, and intentional behaviors or mental acts that are performed in response to an obsession

behavioral inhibition (BI)

the ability to delay one’s initial reactions to events or to stop behavior once it has begun

exposure

a behavioral therapy technique for treating anxiety disorders that exposes the subject to the source of their fear while providing appropriate and effective ways of coping with the fear (other than through escape and avoidance)

systematic desensitization

a three-step behavior therapy technique for treating anxiety whereby

1. the child is taught to relax

2. an anxiety hierarchy is constructed

3. the anxiety-provoking stimuli are presented sequentially while the child remains relaxed

flooding

a procedure for treating anxiety that involves prolonged and repeated exposure to the anxiety-provoking situation until the subject’s level of anxiety has diminished

response prevention

a procedure used in the treatment of anxiety that prevents the child from engaging in escape or avoidance behaviors

traumatic events

exposure to actual or threatened harm or fear of death or injury and are considered uncommon or extreme stressors

child maltreatment

the abuse and neglect of children by parents or by others responsible for their welfare

stressful events

events that are less extreme than traumatic events and stem from single events or ongoing stressful situations and events

expectable environment

external conditions or surroundings that are considered to be fundamental and necessary for healthy development

polyvictimization

the experience of victimization across multiple domains of the child’s life

physical neglect

failure to provide for a child’s basic physical needs, including refusal of or delay in seeking health care, inadequate provision of food, abandonment, expulsion from the home, inadequate supervision, and inadequate provision of clean clothes

educational neglect

failure to provide for a child’s basic educational needs, including allowing chronic truancy, failing to enroll a child of mandatory school age in school, and failing to attend to a special educational need

emotional neglect

failure to provide for a child’s basic emotional needs, including marked inattention to the child’s needs for affection, refusal of or failure to provide needed psychological care, spousal abuse in the child’s presence, and permission for drug or alcohol use by the child

physical abuse

the infliction or risk of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise intentionally harming a child

psychological abuse

abusive behavior that involves acts or omissions by parents or caregivers that cause, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders

aka emotional abuse

sexual abuse

abusive acts that are sexual in nature, including fondling a child’s genitals, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution of pornographic materials

relational disorders

disorders that occur in the context of relationships, such as child abuse and neglect

information-processing disturbances

cognitive misperceptions and distortions in the way events are perceived and interpreted

reactive attachment disorder (RAD)

disorder characterized by a pattern of disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors, likely due to social neglect in early childhood

disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED)

disorder characterized by a pattern of overly familiar and culturally inappropriate behavior with relative strangers, due to social neglect

acute stress disorder

a form of trauma and stressor-related disorder characterized by the development during or within 1 month after exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor of at least nine symptoms associated with intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal

symptoms last for 1 month or less

adjustment disorder

a short-term diagnosis given to individuals who react to common (and less severe) forms of stress in an unusual or disproportionate manner

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a form of trauma- and stressor-related disorder wherein the child displays persistent anxiety following exposure to or witnessing of an overwhelming traumatic or stressful event that is outside the range of usual human experience

cycle-of-violence hypothesis

the repetition of patterns of violent behavior across generations

dissociation

an altered state of consciousness in which the individual feels detached from the body or self

traumatic sexualization

one possible outcome of child sexual abuse, wherein the child’s sexual knowledge and behavior are shaped in developmentally inappropriate ways

emotion regulation

the processes by which emotional arousal is redirected, controlled, or modified to facilitate adaptive functioning

trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT)

a form of exposure therapy that incorporates elements of cognitive-behavioral, attachment, humanistic, empowerment, and family therapy models

complex trauma

reactions to trauma that consist of more complex patterns extending beyond typical symptoms related to PTSD

conduct problems

age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of others

aka antisocial behavior

juvenile delinquency

a broad term used to describe children who have broken a law, anything from sneaking into a movie without a ticket to homicide

externalizing behavior

a continuous dimension of behavior that includes a mix of impulsive, overactive, aggressive, and delinquent acts

overt-covert dimension

a continuum of antisocial behavior ranging from overt forms (e.g., physical aggression) to covert forms (e.g., hidden or sneaky acts)

destructive-nondestructive dimension

a continuum ranging from acts such as cruelty to animals to nondestructive behaviors such as arguing or irritability

disruptive behavior disorders

repetitive and persistent patterns of antisocial behavior

ODD

CD

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vin-dictiveness lasting at least 6 months and exhibited during interaction with at least one individual who isn’t a sibling

conduct disorder (CD)

basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal rules or norms are violated, as manifested in symptoms of aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious violations of rules

child-onset conduct disorder

child displays at least one symptom of CD prior to age 10

adolescent-onset conduct disorder

no symptoms of CD prior to age 10

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

an adult disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, as well as engagement in multiple illegal behaviors

psychopathic features

a pattern of deceitful, callous, manipulative, and remorseless behavior

callous and unemotional (CU) interpersonal style

a mode of social interaction that is characterized by an absence of guilt, lack of empathy, uncaring attitudes, shallow or deficient emotional responses, and related traits of narcissism and impulsivity

with limited prosocial emotions

a term used in DSM-5 to describe youths with CD who display a persistent and typical pattern of interpersonal and emotional functioning involving at least two of the following three characteristics: lack of remorse or guilt; callous-lack of empathy; and unconcerned about performance

bullying

when one or more children expose another child, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions, such as physical contact, words, making faces or dirty gestures, and intentional exclusion from a group

hostile attributional bias

tendency of aggressive children to attribute negative intent to others, especially when the intentions of another child are unclear

relational aggression

a form of indirect aggression in which harm is caused through damage to one’s relationships or social status rather than direct physical harm

life-course persistent (LCP) path

a developmental pathway to antisocial behavior in which the child engages in antisocial behavior at an early age and continues to do so into adulthood

adolescent-limited (AL) pathway

child’s antisocial behavior begins around puberty, continues into adolescence, and later desists in young adulthood

behavioral activation system (BAS)

a subsystem of the brain that activates behavior in response to cues of reward or nonpunishment

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

a subsystem of the brain that produces anxiety and inhibits ongoing behavior in the presence of novel events, innate fear stimuli, and signals of nonreward or punishment

social-cognitive abilities

the skills involved in attending to, interpreting, and responding to social cues

coercion theory

a developmental theory proposing that coercive parent-child interactions serve as the training ground for the development of antisocial behavior

amplifier hypothesis

the premise that stress may serve to amplify the maladaptive predispositions of parents, thereby disrupting family management practices and compromising the parents’ ability to be supportive of their children

social selection hypothesis

the premise that people tend to select environments in which there are other people similar to themselves

parent management training (PMT)

a program aimed at teaching parents to cope effectively with their child’s difficult behavior and their own reactions to it

teaches parents to change their child’s behavior in the home and in other settings using contingency management techniques

the focus is on improving parent-child interactions and enhancing other parenting skills (e.g., parent-child communication, monitoring, and supervision)

problem-solving skills training (PSST)

instruction aimed at targeting the cognitive deficiencies and distortions displayed by children and adolescents who experience conduct problems in interpersonal situations, particularly those children who are aggressive

identifies the child’s cognitive deficiencies and distortions in social situations and provides instruction, practice, and feedback to teach new ways of handling social situations

the child learns to appraise the situation, change their attributions about other children’s motivations, be more sensitive to how other children feel, and generate alternative and more appropriate solutions

multisystemic therapy (MST)

an approach to treatment that attempts to address the multiple determinants of problematic behavior by involving family members, school personnel, peers, juvenile justice staff, and others in the child’s life

an intensive approach that draws on other techniques such as PMT, PSST, and marital therapy, as well as specialized interventions such as special education, and referral to substance abuse treatment programs or legal services

depressive ruminative style

a style of thinking displayed by depressed individuals; it is characterized by a narrow and passive focus on negative events for long periods of time

co-rumination

a negative form of self-disclosure and discussion between peers focused narrowly on problems or emotions to the exclusion of other activities or dialogue

depressogenic cognitions

the negative perceptual and attributional styles and beliefs associated with depressive symptoms

hopelessness theory

the view that depressive-prone individuals make internal, stable, and global attributions to explain the causes of negative events and external, unstable, and specific attributions about positive events