AniSci Exam #1 (Nutrition)

What are factors effecting nutrition- why is this important?

• Stress

• Environment

• Age

• Sex

• Breed

• Health

• Species

• Physiological Status

Important because it can explain the reason the diet is the way it is

The nutrients and what they do / where they come from, e.g.

Definition: Nutritious substance (water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals)

Water comes from free drinking water, feed, metabolically

Carbs come from corn, fiber, barley, oats, (CHO)

Lipids come from fats and oils

Protein (amino acids) comes from soybean meal and alfalfa

Minerals come from ash, and they maintain body structure and fluid balance

Vitamins come from greens 

The essential amino acids- What is the difference between essential vs non-essential amino acids? What happens if you have a limiting essential amino acid?

(PVT TIM HALL) essential amino acids, essential must come from food while, non-essential comes from body

If you have a limiting essential amino acid your body will break down muscle to get more protein which causes muscle wasting

The energy content- What nutrients are providing energy, is there an order for use?

Carbs, proteins, and fats

Types of feeds and their nutrient content- What is the difference between a forage vs a concentrate? Be able to name examples of each

Roughage (hay/straw):

• Fiber is high

• Energy is lower

• Protein level is variable

• Cost is less

• Bulky and course

Concentrate (pellets):

• Fiber is lower

• Energy is higher

• Protein level is variable 

• Cost is more

• High density

The process of digestion- Would you be able to describe this in order?

• Prehension (bringing food into mouth)

• Mastication (chewing)

• Salivation (mixing of food and saliva)

• Deglutition (swallowing)

• Digestion (food into soluble and diffusible products to be absorbed)

• Absorption (movement of substances into cells, way of diffusion)

• Defecation (excretion)

• Micturition (urination)

Anatomy and function of the digestive tract

Ruminants

• Mouth

• Rumen (fermentation/absorption)

• Omasum (many folds, water absorption like a towel)

• Abomasum (true gastric stomach)

• SI (absorb amino acids, dig/absorb liquid)

• Cecum (additional ferment PBL)

• Colon (addition ferment PBL)

Monogastrics

• Mouth

• Stomach (protein digestion)

• SI (protein absorption, liquid digestion/absorption, simple CHO digestion/absorption)

• Cecum (complex CHO fermentation)

• Colon (complex CHO fermentation, absorption of water)

Ruminants- what is a ruminant and how does their GI tract differ from a non-ruminant?

Animals that can regurgitate ingestion from the reticulum and remasticate and reswallow

Ruminants (herbivores) have a complex tract stomach w/ 4 compartments while omnivores have only 1 stomach 

ex: cattle, sheep, goats, bison, deer, antelope, giraffes

Non-ruminants- what is a non-ruminant?

Animal with single chambered stomach

Site of digestion / site of nutrient absorption for ruminants and non-ruminants

Ruminants → Rumen

Non-ruminants → Small Intestine

Fermentation- where is the site of this occurring for ruminants and non-ruminants

Ruminants occurs in reticulorumen

Non-Ruminants occurs in the cecum or the colon

Nutrient requirements- how does this change for different stages of life and production?

Required for maintenance and production, if the animal is pregnant or growing or exercising it would need increased nutrients 

Maintenance

means energy requirement, to be at maintenance animal must be mature, not pregnant, not lactating, and not exercising 

Positive balance for growth and pregnancy, (nutrients used<nutrients consumed)

Negative balance for weight loss and dieting (nutrients used>nutrients consumed)

Production

extra for reproduction, lactation, growth, exercise, wool production

Nutrient Balance

being at balanced state/Maintenace

Developmental Orthopedic Disease

to a group of conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system in young animals

ex: contracted tendons, epiphysitis, angular limb deformities