PSYC 101 Final Exam

what is the definition of stress?

a process in which an individual perceives and responds to events appraised as overwhelming or threatening

What are the stressors?

events or situations that cause stress

What are the stress reactions?

physical, emotional, and behavioral responses to stressors

what is the minor hassles model?

daily small irritations that accumulate and increase stress

give examples of minor hassles

1. traffic

2. losing items

3. running late

what is the life event model?

Large life changes (positive or negative) contribute to stress

what personality types relate to stress?

1. type A

2. Type B

3. Type C

4. Type D

what is the fight-or-flight response?

automatic physiological reaction preparing the body to confront or escape threat

what is the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

1. alarm

2. resistance

3. exhaustion

What does cortisol do?

mobilizes energy; long-term high levels weaken immunity

What is primary appraisal?

Initial evaluation of events as challenge or threat

what is eustress?

positive stress that motivates and enhances performances

Examples of eustress

1. starting college

2. preparing for a competition

What was Kelly McGonigal's TED Talk takeaway?

1. stress mindset matters

2. seeing stress as helpful reduces harm.

3. Stress increases soil connection

What are the physical effects of stress

1. headaches

2. High BP

3. weakened immunity

What are the psychological effects of stress?

1. anxiety

2. depression

3. irritability

What is problem-focused coping?

managing or changing the stressors

What is emotion-focused coping?

managing emotional response

What is perceived control?

beliefs that one can influence outcome

What is learned helplessness?

belief that no action can change the outcome, leading to giving up

What are the stress reduction strategies?

1. meditation

2. biofeedback

3. relation training

what is the APA definition of psychological disorder

disturbances in thought, behavior, or emotion causing distress impairment

What is the Rosenhan study?

showed flaws in psychiatric diagnosis

What is the diathesis-stress model?

disorder arise from predisposition and stress

What is DSM?

Manual for classification of psychological disorder

What is ICD?

International classification system

What is GAD?

Persistent excessive worry about everyday things

What are phobias?

intense and irrational fear

What is OCD?

obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors)

What is the difference between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2?

1. Bipolar 1: mania

2. Bipolar 2: hypomania and depression

what is delusion?

false beliefs

What is hallucination?

false sensory perceptions

what is MDD?

Persistent sadness, low interest impariment

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

1. flat affect

2. social withdrawal

3. reduced speech

What is personality disorder?

long-standing maladaptive personality traits

what is an eating disorder?

disorder involving dysfunctional eating behavior

What is substance abuse disorder?

maladaptive use despite consequences

What are behavioral addictions?

non-substance addictions like gambling

What is autism spectrum disorder?

social communication deficits and repetitive behaviors

What is ADHD?

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

What is an outdated psychological treatment?

1. lobotomy

2. restraints

3. insulin shock

What were the U.S. mental health reform cycles?

1. institutionalization

2. deinstitutionalization

3. community care

Why do people avoid treatment?

1. cost

2. stigma

3. lack of access

What is confidentiality?

therapists must keep clients information private

what is informed consent?

Clients agree to treatment, understanding the risks and benefits.

What are boundaries?

professional limits in therapy

What are the key focuses of CBT?

Changing unhelpful thoughts and behaviors

What are the techniques in CBT?

1. cognitive restructuring

2. exposed therapy

3. behavior activation

What does the psychodynamic therapy focus on?

explores how unconscious thoughts and feelings influence behavior with a focus on resolving inner conflict and improving self-awareness.

What does the humanistic therapy focus on?

emphasized personal growth, actualization, and the inherent goodness of individuals

What are the strongest predictors of therapy success?

therapeutic alliance

What are the types of psychotropic medications?

1. antidepressants

2. antipsychotics

3. mood stabilizers

4. anxiolytics

What are the cognitive behavioral therapy applications?

treats depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, insomnia, eating disorder, substance disorders

What are the cognitive behavioral therapy techniques for applications?

cognitive restructuring, exposure, behavior activation, homework, skill training

What is the cognitive behavioral therapy effectiveness?

Highly effective evidence-based practice for depression and anxiety disorder

What is the difference between mania and hypomania?

• mania: ≥1 week of severe impairment may include psychosis

• hypomania: ≥4 days noticeable but not severely impairing, no psychosis

What is individual therapy?

also known as individual psychotherapy or individual counseling, the client and clinician meet one-on-one for 45-60 mins

What is group therapy?

a clinician meets together with several clients with similar problems

What is couples therapy?

2 people in an intimate relationship who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them

what is family therapy?

a special form of group therapy consisting of one or more families

what is an intake process?

the therapist first meeting with the client to gather specific information to address the client’s immediate needs

What is the difference between type A and type B?

• Type A: individuals who tend to be intensely driven workaholics who are concerned with deadlines and always seem to be in a rush

• Type B: those who are more relaxed and laid-back

What are the psychodynamic therapy techniques?

free association exploring childhood relationships, dream analysis, transferences, etc.

What are the psychodynamic therapy applications?

not as clear/structured, involves long-term commitment used for more complex issues

what si the pscyhodynamic therapy effectiveness?

valuable and transformative experiences for some; not as much evidence-based research

What are the humanistic therapy techniques?

empathetic listening, unconditional positive regard, nondirective, existential therapy

What are the humanistic therapy applications?

not clearly structured, treats a variety od issues (ex: depression anxiety, relationship problems, and existential crises)

What is the humanistic therapy effectiveness?

valuable and transformative experiences for some, not as much evidence-based research

what are the psychotropic medications effeicacy?

Talk therapy and psychotropic medication is considered the gold standard for certain psychological disorders (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, etc.)

what are the uses of psychotropic medications

Medications can be used to treat psychological disorders by altering brain chemistry to alleviate symptoms.