Anat & Phys Lecture Exam 2

Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Nervous tissue, Muscular tissue

Adult Tissue Classes

Ectoderm(epidermis and nervous system

Endoderm(mucous membrane of digestive and respiratory tracts and digestive glands)

mesoderm(cartilage, bone, blood, and muscle)

 embryonic germ layers

Very closely adhering cells that line surfaces and body cavities, avascular, has most glands

Properties of epithelium tissue

secretes fluid and permits rapid diffusion in alveoli, serosa, kidney cells, lining heart and blood vessels

Simple squamous

absorption and mucus production(movement) in the liver, mammary and salivary glands, and kidney tubles

simple cuboidal epithelium

absorption and mucus secretion in GI tract, uterus, kidney

simple columnar epithelium

has cilia and goblet cells that secrete and moves mucus, in respiratory tract

pseudostratified epithelium

with a layer of dead skin resisted abrasion, limits water loss, and protects from pathogenic organisms in the epidermis(palms and soles of the foot)

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

without a layer of dead skin it resisted abrasion and pathogens on the tongue, esophagus, and vagina

non-keratinzed stratified squamous epithelium

produces sweat, sperm, and ovarian hormones in respective locations

stratified cuboidal epithelium

changed from flat to round when stretched for filling of the urinary tract

transitional epithelium

diverse tissue types that has lots of extracellular space that supports, connects, and protects organs with variable vascularity

properties of connective tissue

fibroblast, macrophages(eats foreign material), leukocytes, plasma cells(synthesize antibodies), mast cells, adipocytes, fibers

cells within connective tissue

lots of empty space, loose random fibers, with blood vessels for diffusion of nutrients

areolar loose connective tissue

mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblast for framework of lymphatic system and spleen for filtering

reticular loose connective tissue

densely packed parallel collagen fibers, very strong in one direction for holding muscles to bones(tendons and ligaments)

dense regular connective tissue

densely packed, randomly arranged collagen fibers for medium strength in all directions in the deeper layer of skin and around organs

dense irregular connective tissue

primary adipocytes, surrounded by very little areolar tissue and reticular tissue and blood capillaries, for energy storage, insulation, and cushioning, white and brown fat

adipose tissue

fine collagen fibers for easy joint movement, opening airway and moving voice cords, at the ends of long bones

hyaline cartilage

abundant in elastic fibers, for flexible support in ears or epiglottis

elastic cartilage

contains large coarse bundles of collagen fibers to resist compression and shock in the pubic symphysis and interverbal disc

fibrocartilage

spongy(trabeculae) surrounded by compact (osteocytes surrounding blood vessels)

bone tissue

fluid connective tissue(lack of proteins) to transport dissolved matter

blood

ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential(movement of charged particles across the cell membrane

excitability

detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit information to other cells

neurons

protect and assist neurons, support cells(housekeepers) that are more numerous that neurons

neuroglia

houses organelles, compares excitability and inhibitory signals to decide if it should continue that signal

neurosoma (cell body)

multiple short branched processes that send messages from other cells to the neurosoma

dendrites

one branch that sends outgoing signals to cells

axon(nerve fiber)

long thin cells attached to bone for high power voluntary movement for a short time

skeletal muscle

branching for amplification of electric pulse so chambers contract together, strongish, involutory prolonged movement

cardiac muscle

lacking striations, indefinitely make involuntary small movements in walls of hollow organs

smooth muscle

small gap so no substances can pass between cells made by cell-adhesion proteins similar to velcro

tight junction

flexible patch that holds cells together(resist mechanical stress) but allow for fluid to pass through by J-shaped proteins from the cytoskeleton

desmosome

formed by connexons which allows for ions, nutrients, and cytosol to pass between cells like in the eye

gap(communicating) junction

secretes hormones directly into blood(no ducts) like in the thyroid and pituitary glands

endocrine

makes secretions that will leave the body via a duct like sweat or salivary glands

exocrine gland

connective tissue covering exocrine gland

gland capsule

framework connective tissue that gives shape, structure, and support to the gland

stroma

cells that preform the task of the synthesis and secretion(cuboidal or simple columnar)

parenchyma

lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface like in mammary glands

apocrine secretion

use vesicle that release their secretion by exocytosis, like eccrine glands or tear glands(serous glands)

merocrine secretions

cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate to secrete cell fragments making it the thickest, in oil glands of scalp

holocrine secretion

the skin, largest membrane to serve protective function

cutaneous membrane

lines passages the open to external environment to absorb(small intestine), secrete(large intestine), and protect(respiratory system)

mucous membrane

holds serous fluid between two linings to cover organs and line walls of body cavities

serous membrane

hypertrophy

enlargement of preexisting cells like muscles when exercising or body fat

development of a tumor “new”- “cell growth”

neoplasia

have the potential to develop to any type of fully differentiated human cell including (totipotent)/ not including(pluripotent) accessory organs of pregnancy

embryonic stem cells

lost most plasticity, but is able to develop into two more more cell lines (multipotent) or one cell (unipotent)

adult stem cells

allows adults stem cells to be turned into embryonic stem cells, growing organs or skin for burn victims

induced pluripotent stem cell

replacement of dead cells by same type of cells, restores normal function, better in kids because they have more multipotent cells

regeneration

replacement of damage cells with scar tissue, dense connective tissue without restoring function

fibrosis

dilated blood vessels and capillaries by histamine, plasma bring antibodies and clotting proteins

stage 1 of healing

blood clot forms making a temporary scab, macrophages digest tissue debris

stage 2 of healing

new capillaries sprout, and deeper portions fill with new collagen fibers

stage 3 of healing

epithelial cells multiply and push scab off

stage 4 of healing

shrinkage of tissue through loos in cell size or number form aging or disuse

atrophy

pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections

necrosis

sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off

infarction

tissue death due to insufficient blood supply

gangrene

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, lacking blood vessels, has stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, and dendritic cells(guards against pathogens)

epidermis

deeper dense irregular connective tissue layer, location of blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerve endings, hair and nail roots

dermis

adipose connective tissue layer below the dermis for energy reservoir, thermal insulation

hypodermis/ subcutaneous tissue

barrier to trauma, water, uv radiation and infection, starts vitamin d synthesis, sensation, thermoregulation(smaller people have more surface area for their volume so they get colder faster), nonverbal communication

functions of skin

blueness due to oxygen deficiency

cyanosis

redness due to increase blood flow, like when we need to cool down

erythema

paleness due to decreased blood flow to skin

pallor

milky white skin and blue-gray eyes(glasses because eyes let too much light in) due to genetic lack of melanin

albinism

yellowing due to bilirubin in blood(compromised liver function)

jaundice

bruising, clotted blood under the skin

hematoma

excessively tan/brown, symptom of Addison’s disease(endocrine disorder)

bronzing

produce more melanin and it is broken down more slowly so it is spread throughout more keratinocytes

darker skin

little melanin seen beyond stratum basale, same amount of melanocytes but they just produce less

lighter skin

markings on the fingertips that leave oily fingerprints and allow us to manipulate small objects, unique pattern formed during fetal development

friction ridges

skin fold lines on flexor surfaces of digits, palms, wrists and elbows

flexion lines(creases)

smooth tan to black aggregations of melanocytes

freckles

elevated tan to black aggregations of melanocytes often with hair

moles

patches of discolored skin caused by excessive benign tumors of dermal capillaries, some disappear some stay

hemangions(birthmarks)

core of loosely arranged cells and air space

medulla

makes up most of the hair and holds the pigmentation, several layers of elongated keratinized cells

cortex

multiple layers of thin, scaly cells that overlap to move the hair in the right direction

cuticle

diagonal tube the extends into dermis and maybe hypodermis, living component

follicle

retains heat and protects against sunburn

scalp hair functions

signify sexual maturity and aid in transmission of sexual scents

pubic and axillary hair functions

guard nostrils and ear canals

vibrissae hair functions

improve grooming, picking apart food and protect tips of digits

functions of nails

most numerous especially on palms, soles, and forehead, triggered by thermoregulations or stress, very watery perspiration to help cool the body, simple tubular glands

eccrine(merocrine) sweat glands

responds to stress or sexual stimulation, secrete pheromones, near hair follicles(groin, anal region, axilla, and mens beards), products milky and fatty sweat

apocrine sweat glands

holocrine secretion style to produce sebum(an antibacterial moisturizer)

sebaceous glands

coiled, simple tubular glands in external ear canal, mixes sebum and dead epithelial cells to form cerumen(earwax), waterproofs the canal

ceruminous glands

milk-producing gland that develops from breast during pregnancy and lactation, about 12 exits at the nipple to drain each lobe

mammary gland

most common and least dangerous(rarely metastasizes), small shiny bump with central depression and beaded edges

basal cell carcinoma

from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, looks like a wart but is on the scalp, ear, lower lip, or back of hand, good recovery if caught early

squamous cell carcinoma

cancer from melanocyte(naturally moves easily so tumor can move easily), rare but most deadly, family history and sunburn are great risk factors

melanoma

burn only involving epidermis, redness, slight edema and pain

first degree burn

involves part of the dermis, blisters from separation of stratum basale from dermal papillary layer

second degree burn

all of dermis is involved, requires skin graft, needs fluid replacement, infection control, and temp. regulation

third degree burn

hold bones together at joints

ligaments

attach muscle to bone

tendon