Period 1 IDs

maize cultivation

The growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans.

Eastern Woodlands Indians

Located in mississippi to Atlantic (lots of water and resources)
Three sisters method: planting corn, beans, and squash on top of each other (for all types of nutrients)
Lived in communities, inside LONGHOUSES
Formed complex political and social units (women had leadership and major roles)
Looked at sun a religious symbol and a sign of fertility for crops

tribes:
Iroquois
Powhatan
Shawnee
Cherokee

Three Sisters crops

Corn, beans, and squash - corn stalk is a trellis for the beans, beans put nitrogen in soil, squash helps hold moisture

Cahokia

a huge ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

Iroquois Confederacy

a group of Native American nations in eastern North America joined together under one general government

Great Plains Indians

east of Rockies, west of Mississippi
Hunted buffalo, deer, elk, and sometimes bear
Lived in teepees (because they were nomadic to follow buffalo)

Sioux
Blackfeet
Comanche

Great Basin Indians

west of Rockies, east of california
Many deserts, dry land, and hot climate
Eats berries, nuts
Can be nomadic or permanent

Shoshone
Ute

Southwest Indians

Located in present day Arizona and New Mexico they farmed the desert, gathering wild plants and hunting small animals. Made their houses adobe and were excellent in pottery and weaving.

tribes:
Hohokam
Anasazi
Pueblo (came later)
Chaco Canyon (came later)
Apache (came even later)
Navajo (came even later)

Hohokam

Native Americans who lived in the Southwest from about 300 B.C. to A.D. 1300s and used irrigation to bring water to the crops

Chaco Canyon

Important ancient Anasazi Indian center in New Mexico that included a pueblo of six hundred interconnected rooms

Northwest Indians

Lived in permanent longhouses that had a rich diet based on hunting & fishing SALMON
-praised salmon
-built elaborate plank houses out of cedar
-chinook tribe

California Indians

Indians lived in independent villages and were fisherman and gatherers

Nez Perce tribe

hunter-gatherer economy

a type of economy based solely upon the method of hunting and gathering with no form of agricultural farming. Nomads traveled where the food was (aka animals and wild plant seasons) to collect and hunt

pueblos

Above ground houses made of a heavy clay called adobe.

advanced irrigation systems

-Aztecs, Incas, and Southwest Indians
-allowed for farming and water retrieval in drier areas
-one of the more sophisticated technologies of the time

matrilineal ancestry

tracing descent exclusively through females from a founding female ancestor
-men joined their wife's family
-family and ancestry revolved around women

New World

the name given by Europeans to the Americas, which were unknown to most Europeans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus

Bering Strait migration

A time where people began migrating from the corners of Northeast Asia across the Bering strait land bridge. They dispersed throughout the Americas forming different societies across the lands of the western hemisphere.

Incas

Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru

Aztecs

Ancient civilization (1200-1521AD) that was located in what is present-day Mexico City

reasons/motives for European exploration

Demise of European feudalism (I work, you give me land)
Establishment of powerful nation-states
Ottoman empire blocking valuable trade routes in eastern Mediterranean

effect of smallpox

The disease bought over by the Europeans which wiped out millions of native because they lacked proper antibodies

subjugation

the act of conquering or bringing under control; enslavement

Portuguese exploration

Due to advancements in sailing technology the Portuguese were able to sail down the coast of Africa and open trade of gold and slaves, settle and make plantations and eventually find the way around Africa to the indies

colonized the coastal regions (modern day brazil)

maritime inventions

Compass: Inaccurate at times but showed direction.
Astrolabe: Determined latitude positioning.
Cross Staff: Determines distance from equator.
Quadrant: Distance from equator when on land.
Chip Board: Measured speed with knots
Hourglass: Measured time
Caravel: Small but fast merchant ship
Carrack: Large ship, carried supplies but dangerous
Spanish Galleon: Supplies and weapons ship.

Spanish exploration

Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god

Atlantic slave trade

the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas for guns and other goods

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

encomienda system

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

plantation-based agriculture

With the Portugese discovery of slave trafficking in West Africa their thirst for slaves became greater. Slaves were used to farm large-scale commercial agriculture known as plantations

capitalism

An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

caste system in Spanish colonies

(At the Top) Peninsulares: people born in spain, typically nobles
Creoles: parents from europe, but they were born in new world
Mesitzos: people mixed mative american and european descent (typically from rape)
Mulattoes: people of mixed african and european (typically from rape) (same layer as mesitzos)
Native americans and people of african descent (bottom and least power)

mestizos

a person of mixed European and Native american descent

mulattos

a person of mixed European and African descent

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

items from old world to new world

horses, cattle, swine, and disease.

items from new world to old world

gold, silver, corn, potatoes, squash, tobacco, chillis, yams, and cocoa

chattel slavery

Chattel slaves are individuals treated as complete property, to be bought and sold.

slavery in perpetuity

slave is an enslaved person who is owned for ever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved.

French colonization

First permanent settlement was established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec. French primarily looking for furs and converts to Catholicism. The French viewed Indians as potential economic and military allies, maintained good relations with Natives. Frontier of Inclusion.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

French Huguenots

French protestants who came to the New World to escape religious prosecution in France

Catholic missions

religious settlements led by Catholic priest which forced indigenous people to work and convert to christianity

Pueblo/Pope's Revolt

Pope inspired thousands of his people from villages around the presidio to rise up and kill missionaries and force the Spanish out of the Santa Fe settlement

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans.
Wrote A short Account of the destruction of the Indies