Japanese 284 Lesson 2 Grammar Points

です

is the copula in Japanese, used to equate subject and predicate.

ではありません・じゃないです

is the negative form of "です" in the present tense, used to indicate that something is not or does not exist. ではありません is more formal whiule the later is more casual.

It is also used for な　adjectives

でした

is the past tense of "です" , used to indicate that something was or existed in the past.

It is also used for な　adjectives

ではありませんでした・じゃなかったです・じゃなかった

is the negative past tense of "です", used to indicate that something was not or did not exist. ではありませんでした is more formal, じゃなかったです is more casual yet formal, and じゃなかった is more casual

It is also used for な　adjectives

～ました

This is the past tense form of the polite verb ending in Japanese, used to indicate that an action has been completed.

～ませんでした

The past tense form of the negative polite verb ending, indicating that an action was not completed.

も

A particle used to indicate inclusion, equivalent to "also" or "too" in English. You can also use it when two or more people are doing that same activity.

田中さんもしました。(Mr. Tanaka also did it.)

～時間（じかん）

A counter used for measuring time, equivalent to "hours" in English, indicating a duration or period.

たくさん

A term meaning "a lot" or "many," used to indicate a large quantity or number of something.

いっぱい

A term meaning "a lot" or "full," often used to express abundance or a large quantity of something.

いー形容詞　（いけいようし）

A category of Japanese adjectives that end in "い" and typically express a state or quality, allowing for conjugation to indicate tense, negation, and more.

なー形容詞（なけいようし）

A category of Japanese adjectives that typically end in "な" when modifying nouns, expressing a state or quality and allowing for conjugation to indicate tense and negation.

例外の形容詞　（れいがいのけいようし）

Japanese adjectives that do not follow standard conjugation rules, often showing unique forms.

～くない

A negative form of い-adjectives that expresses "not (adjective)" when conjugated, allowing the adjective to negate a state or quality.

～かった

The past form of い-adjectives that expresses "was (adjective)," indicating a state or quality in the past.

～くなかった

The past form of い-adjectives that expresses "was not (adjective)," indicating a state or quality in the past.

すきな、だいすきな、きらいな、だいきらいな

Various forms of adjectives expressing liking or disliking, where 'すきな' means 'to like,' 'だいすきな' means 'to love,' 'きらいな' means 'to dislike,' and 'だいきらいな' means 'to hate.'

ましょう・ましょうか

A grammatical expression used to form proposals or suggestions, meaning "let's (do something)" or "shall we (do something)?"