Test One- Little

Scientific Method

Process of science: observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion

Double-blind experiment

Test subjects or researchers do not know who is getting treatment -> placebo involved

Spurious correlation

3rd variable is real cause of correlation

Primary literature

1st publication of scientific research that contains actual data with controls

Secondary literature

sources that give basic overview of topic/ summarize results

Proteins

most numerous and versatile, contains nitrogen, polymer

Lipids

fats and oils -> hydrocarbons, fatty acids, glycerol -> not polymer

Carbs

Simple sugar monomers -> next most versatile

Nucleic acids

storage and expression of genetic info (DNA & RNA) -> energy carriers

Carbon Atoms

building blocks of life

Hydrophobic

molecules that hate water

Hydrophilic

molecules that love water

Phospholipid

Two hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

Active transport

requires energy (ATP) to pass something through the membrane

Passive transport

does not need energy but usually regulated by transport proteins

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate: energy powers the cell

Cell Theory

every living organism had one or more cells: all cells come from preexisting cells

Prokaryotes

single celled organisms- no nucleus - complex internal compartments

Eukaryotes

single or multiceled organism- contains organelles

cytoskeleton

network of protein cylinders and filaments- organizer

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

lipid bilayer membrane network

Smooth Er

makes lipids and hormones

Rough Er

covered with ribosomes that make proteins

Golgi apparatus

packing center that directs protein and lipids from Er to others

Mitochondria

uses chemical reactions to transform carbs into ATP

Chloroplasts

Energy (sun) -> sugar = photosynthesis

Chromosomes

chromatin (packaged 2x helix DNA w/ proteins)

Autosomes

two copies of chromosomes

Binary Fission

asexual reproduction : identical clones

The cell cycle

interphase (90% cell life) and cell division (last step)

What are the parts of interphase and explain them

g1- usually the longest, first phase for the new divided cells

s- DNA copied, 2x DNA now

g2- preparing for cell division

g0- g not (not a real phase) adult cells cannot replicate if they get here

Somatic cells

any cell that does not go through meiosis

mitotic division

process of eukaryotic cells that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell

mitosis

division of nucleus- grow, develop, heal, maintenance

what are the four stages of mitosis and what do they do?

prophase: centrosomes go to opposite sides of the cell, DNA condenses and cytoskeleton forms

metaphase: chromosomes meet in the center

anaphase: chromosomes are pulled apart to create chromatids on both sides

telophase: cells being to pinch and encapsulate new chromosomes

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm- the actual division

cell differentiation

daughter cells become specialized in set of functions

Germline cell

gametes and zygotes

zygote

diploid cell that has all DNA

peer review

multiple (3-8) scientists review your work

Meiosis

makes gametes : two stages- dna is replicated before meiosis one begins

Meiosis I: is practically mitosis

Meiosis II: mitosis without extra chromosomes- creates haploid cell with 23 chromosomes

Diploid cell

2n- two copies of each chromosome (somatic cell)

Haploid cell

n - 1 copy of each chromosome

chromosome theory of inheritance

all genes are located on chromosomes

gene

basic unit of info affecting genetic trait

allele

more specific than a gene -> different version of the gene

homozygous genotype

2 of the same alleles

heterozygous genotype

2 of different alleles

sex chromosome

at least one of the chromosomes that carry the sex determining gene

autosome

every other chromosome

SRY gene

commonly found in y chromosome: determines the sex

dominant allele

capital letter -> if present it will be expressed

recessive allele

lower case -> only expressed if both alleles are recessive

genetic carrier

individuals who have only one copy of a recessive allele

Law of independent assortment of chromosomes

when gametes form, the two alleles of any given gene segregate during meiosis independently of any two alleles of other genes

crossing over

gametes mix

random fertilization

sperm fertilizes the random egg -> rando combination of alleles

incomplete dominance

created 3rd phenotype -> two traits blend

codominance

two dominants show