Respiratory System

Pharynx/throat

Lies posterior to the nasal cavities, mouth, and larynx

Soft palate

Projects posteriorly from the hard palate

Auditory tube

Canal between the nasal pharynx and middle ear, open into the lateral side of the nasal pharynx

Adenoids

Are located on the posterior wall of the nasal pharynx

Epiglottis

Is a flat leaflike plate of cartilage

Tonsils

Masses of lymphoid tissue

Larynx

Organ of voice or voice box, is a triangular box like structure that lies in the anterior part of the neck

Thyroid cartilage

Composed of two flat plates of cartilage placed vertically and joined together at the midline anteriorly

Cricoid cartilage

Is shaped like a signet ring. It encircles the larynx below the thyroid cartilage.

Vocal folds

Are paired folds of the lining membrane of the larynx that extend medially from each side wall of the larynx towards the midline

Glottis

Is the slitlike opening between the vocal folds

Trachea (windpipe)

Is a hollow tube 11 cm or about 4.5 inches in length, extending from the larynx above to bronchi below. Consists of 16 to 20 incomplete rings.

Bronchi

Are hollow branched tubes continuous above with the trachea

Carina

It's a ridge of cartilage between the openings from the trachea into right and left main bronchi. Bifurcation of the trachea.

Bronchioles

Are formed by the division of the smallest bronchi

Respiratory bronchioles

Smallest bronchioles that leads into the air sacs of the lungs

1. Nose/Nasal cavity

2. Pharynx

3. Larynx

4. Trachea

5. Bronchi and Bronchioles

How air travels through the body:

Nose/nasal cavity

Filters, worms, and moistens the air

Pharynx

A shared pathway for air and food

Larynx

The voice box where sound is produced

Trachea

The windpipe that directs air into the lungs

Bronchi and bronchioles

Branching tube that carry air deeper into the lungs

Apex

The upper bluntly pointed end and reaches 1 inch above the clavicle

Costal surface

Of the lung is the surface that lies adjacent to the ribs and cartilages

Diaphragmatic surface

Is the part in contact with the diaphragm (surface)

Mediastinal surface

Surface in contact with the mediastinum

Pulmonary segments

Are the structural units of the lungs, each with its segmental bronchus, segmental artery and vein

Alveolus

A cup-shaped microscopic structures that with many other similar structures form the wall of an alveolar or air sac

Alveolus (L)

A small tub or cavity

Alveolus

Functional unit of the lung

Alveolar sac or air sac

Is the expanded saclike cavity opening from a small division (alveolar duct) of a respiratory bronchiole

lobules of the lungs

Includes a respiratory bronchiole, its alveolar ducts, their alveolar sacs and alveoli, and the blood vessels of this unit. Each ... is a small division of a pulmonary segment.

The pleura

Forms the lining membrane of the chest and the covering of each lung. It is a serous membrane, similar to the pericardium and peritoneum and secretes a thin watery fluid.

Visceral pleura

Covers each lung except at the root

Parietal pleura

Lines the chest cavity on each side

diaphragmatic pleura

that part of the parietal pleura on the upper surface of the diaphragm.

Costal pleura

is the parietal pleura that lines the rib cage

Mediastinal pleura

is the parietal pleura on each lateral surface of the mediastinum

Pleural cavity

Is the space between the lung and chest wall

Costophrenic sinus or recess

a narrow space where the inner surface of the lower chest wall and the diaphragm are in contact.

costodiaphragmatic recess

NA of costophrenic sinus or recess

18 times per minute

Inspiration and expiration process is repeated about ..., and is controlled by impulses from the respiratory center in the hindbrain

hindbrain

Inspiration and expiration process is repeated about 18 times per minute, and is controlled by impulses from the respiratory center in the ...

Carbon dioxide

The respiratory center in the hindbrain is stimulated by ... circulating in the blood

Vital capacity

the volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by a forced expiration, following the greatest possible inspiration, is 3500 to 4800 ml

3500 to 4800 ml

Vital capacity ml

Tidal air

The volume of air that is breathed in or out during normal quiet inspiration or expiration; 500 ml

500 ml

Tidal air ml

inspiratory reserve volume

(Complemental) the extra volume of air that can be inspired following a normal inspiration: 1500 to 2000 ml

1500 to 2000 ml

Inspiratory reserve volume ml

Expiratory reserve volume

(Supplemental) the volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs following a normal expiration: 1500 ml

1500 ml

expiratory reserve volume ml

Residual volume

The amount of air that remains in the lungs following a forced expiration, that cannot be expelled is 1200 to 1500 ml

- to supply oxygen to the blood

- to get rid of accumulated carbon dioxide

- to get rid of some moisture (water)

- to get rid of some waste products

Functions of the respiratory system

Mediastinum

Is a vertical partition located in the median plane of the chest and separating the two lungs from each other

A genesis

No lung, lung has not formed

Genesis

Production; also aplasia is similar

Hypoplasia

Underdevelopment

Cysts

hollow cavities filled with fluid

bronchoesophageal fistula

the main or other bronchus or trachea communicates with the esophagus.

Atelectasis

Collapse of the whole or part of a lung from obstruction of a bronchus

Bronchiectasis

dilation of the bronchus

Bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchus

Tracheobronchitis

inflammation of the trachea and bronchi

Laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx

Pneumonitis

inflammation of the lung

Bronchopneumonia

Inflammation of a part of a lobe or sergment

Lobar pneumonia

inflammation of one or more lobes by a specific microorganism

Virus, pneumonia

an inflammation of the lung caused by a virus

Pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura

Pleural effusion

Fluid in the pleural cavity

Empyema

Pus in the pleural cavity

Hemothorax

Blood in the pleural cavity

Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural cavity

Encapsulated empyema or effusion

Fluid walled off in a part of the pleural cavity

- Speaking

- Smelling

- Protecting

- Regulating blood pH

The respiratory system has other important jobs beyond breathing:

Olfactory receptors

The ,,, in the nasal cavity detects smell when we inhale air

Tiny cilia and mucus

... and ... trap dust, pollen, and harmful germs

By controlling the level of ... in your blood, the respiratory system helps maintain the correct pH needed for your organ to function properly

Carbon dioxide