Карточки Philosophy 2320 1st Exam Review? | Quizlet

Define Sound argument

is an deductive argument that has true and valid premises (truth of premises guarantee truth of conclusion)

Define Cogent argument

is a strong inductive argument with only true premises (truth of premises is supposed to make the conclusion more true)

Define Ockham's razor

explanation that makes the fewest assumptions is more likely true

Define Principle of conservatism:

is theory that explanation that is most consistent with other well established beliefs is more likely to be true

What are the three conditions for knowledge?

Justification, truth, and belief

What is a priori knowledge?

knowledge justified independently of, or prior to, experience

What is posteriori?

Knowledge we gain & can only know to be true or false via sensory experience.

In order to be logically consistent ...

propositions have to be both true at the same time

Arguments can only be valid or invalid, no in between

Valid forms are: P>Q (P)->q, P>Q (˜q)->˜p

Invalid: P>Q (q)->P, P>Q (˜p)-> ˜q

Valid forms are: P>Q (P)->q (modus ponens), P>Q (˜q)->˜p (modus tollens)

Invalid: P>Q (q)->P, P>Q (˜p)-> ˜q

Fallacies

Strawman: Misrepresenting opponents views so they can be dismissed

Begging the question: Where you must accept the truth of the conclusion in order to accept the premises

Domino: Arguing that if we allow one thing to happen more severe events will occur as well

Line Drawing: Rejecting a vague claim because is not as precise as we would like

Equivocation: When an argument has ambiguous words or phrases with the intent to shift meaning of them

In order to be necessary?

In order to be Sufficient?

To be necessary ask "must you have part A have to have part B" (if yes, then necessary)

Is having A enough to have part B (if yes sufficient)

What are the three areas of moral philosophy

Value theory, normative ethics, Metaethics

What are the moral principles? (give two for exam)

Principle of autonomy: Competent people should be allowed to exercise self-determination

Principle of justice: treat equals equally

Principle of non-maleficencia: should not cause unnecessary harm to others

Principle of Beneficence: Promote well-being of others to prevent or stop harm for all

Define instrumental goods

items that are good because of the things they bring about such as: money, food, clothes

Define Intrinsic goods

When something is valuable in its own right even without bring anything good into your life. Good even if you don't want it

What is Hedonism:

This is the view that happiness has intrinsic value and is good for you even when you don't want it. Happiness is sufficient for a good life and unhappiness reduces the quality of our life. Actions are right when they promote happiness (pleasure and absence of pain) and wrong then they promote unhappiness (pain and privation of pleasure).

What is autonomy?

Having the right to make decisions based on self-determination

What is paternalism?

When you make decision for individuals who aren't able to do so but for their own good (parents with kids)

What are the two kinds of pleasures?

Physical and Attitudinal

Explain Physical (lower) pleasures

(comes from five senses and considered the lower of pleasures) (massages, exercise, junk food)

Explain Attitudinal (higher) pleasures

involve feelings of emotions) (happiness, love, friendship, autonomy)

What are the four strong objections to Hedonism?

1) Happiness that comes from false beliefs lack intrinsic value

2) Autonomy has value independent from individual happiness

3) A life that improves over time is better than one that does not even if they contain same amount of happiness

4) Can be harmed by more than sadness

Six (two for exam) advantages of Hedonism?

1) Allows many different models of a good life

2) Provides a complete account of why we do things

3) Gives us a guideline to having a good life while allowing each of us the authority to choose what makes lives go well

4) Explains why truly miserable person does not have high level of well-being and why happiness will improve it

5) Can justify the many rules for living a good life, while explains exceptions to the rules

6) Explains why we want happiness for our friends and family

What is desire satisfaction theory?

The theory that claims life goes well when your desires are being satisfied, and life goes bad when they are left unsatisfied.

Six advantages of desire satisfaction theory? (two for exam)

1) Explains why there so many models of a good life

2) Each individual determines what is best for themselves

3) Avoids problems that objective theories of value face

4) Explain why you are motivated to do what is good for you

5) Justifies pursuit of self-interest

6) Allows us to have knowledge of what is good for you

Explain objective theories of welfare

Something contributes to our welfare independently of desires and beliefs. Certain things good for you because they lead to a good life

Explain subjective theories of welfare

Something will benefit us only when we have an interest in it. Only good for you if it motivates you

Define ethical relativism

This theory claims that some moral rules are really true and these true moral rules help determine which ones are false but it depends on societies or the individual. It contains two kinds which are: cultural relativism and individual relativism.

Four advantages of ethical relativism? (two for exam)

1) Explain why morality is made for humans.

2) explains possibility for moral knowledge

3) Provides a straightforward scientifically respectable account of morality

4) Denies that the moral code of a single individual or society is superior to that of another

Four objections to ethical relativism? (recognize for exam)

1) View entails that you are morally infallible (always correct)

2) All moral claims are equally plausible

3) Entail contradictions

4) Cannot account for moral disagreement

Define Moral Nihilism

This theory claims there are no moral truths at all and has two kinds: Error theory and expressivism.

Define error theory

This theory (defended by Mackie) claims there are no objective values, no categorical reasons to act, and claims that moral judgements are always mistaken. Has 3 main claims: No moral features, no moral judgment are true/there are none, and moral judgements try and fail to describe the moral feature of things.

What are the objections to error theory?

1) Argument from queerness is false

2) The theory strongly conflicts with our common sense view of the world

Define expressivism

This theory claims there are no moral features, no moral judgements true, and no moral knowledge. Explains that you are venting your emotions when speaking about topics that claim to have morality, commanding others to behave a certain way.

Three objections to expressivism (recognize for exam)

1) Can't explain how arguments about morality are possible

2) Cannot explain amoralist

3) Cannot explain the common sense view that our moral beliefs are true or false

What does Mill say about Socrates and the fool

"Better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied"

Know Mills analogically argument and the fallacy he is committing

Objects are visible, sounds are audible, and happiness is desirable

Proof that objects are visible is that people actually see them, and the proof that sounds are audible is that people actually hear them

Therefore, the proof that happiness is desirable is that people actually desire it

Here mills is committing equivocation with the word desire

What are the three reasons Nozick says to not plug into the experience Machine?

1) Want to do certain things

2) Want to be certain people

3) Limited to a man made world

What are the three reason Hume believes moral distinctions are not derived from reason?

1) Moral knowledge is impossible

2) Reasons can't provide us with motivation"

3) Cannot derive "ought from an is"

What is the theory that Mackie defends?

Error theory

What is the argument from relativity?

Claims that there are variations in moral codes from society to society and individual and the reason for disagreements is because of how people feel and the way the go through life

What is the argument from queerness?

Claims that if moral values did exist they would be completely different from everything in the universe.

What are the four branches of philosophy?

1) logic: The study of arguments

2) Epistemology: the study or theory of knowledge

3)metaphysics: the study of the nature of reality

4); ethics: the study of right and wrong action