Reactions to Industrialization and Its Social Impact

Utopian Socialism

Movement creating alternative communities to capitalism.

Utilitarianism

Philosophy aiming for greatest good for most.

John Stuart Mill

Key figure in utilitarianism and gradual reform.

Public Parks

Example of utilitarianism benefiting many citizens.

Marxist Socialism

Radical critique advocating socialism over capitalism.

Communist Manifesto

Document by Marx and Engels on class struggle.

Class Conflicts

Historical driver of societal change according to Marx.

Private Property

Marx's target for elimination in communist theory.

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman reforms for modernization and centralization.

Sultan Mahmud II

Ottoman ruler who initiated significant reforms.

Janissary Corps

Military group abolished during Ottoman reforms.

Hatt-i Humayun

Edict declaring equality in education and justice.

Economic Influence

Ottoman Empire's remaining power during industrialization.

Secular Education

Establishment of non-religious schools in the Ottoman Empire.

Balkan Resistance

Opposition to reforms from Balkan Christians.

Women's Exclusion

Legal reforms limited women's rights and opportunities.

Cash Payments

Shift in worker compensation during industrialization.

Infrastructure Reforms

Improvements in roads and postal services in the Ottoman Empire.

Military Loyalty

Ensured through direct government payments to soldiers.

Economic Shifts

Declining food prices and global economy growth.

Social Changes

Transformation in worker compensation and job opportunities.

Corruption Combat

Goal of Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire.

European-trained Artillery

New military unit established during Ottoman reforms.

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman reforms that excluded women's rights.

Sultan Abdulhamid II

Initially supported reforms, later opposed them.

Young Turks

Reformist group exiled by Abdulhamid II.

Hamidian Massacres

Violence against Armenians from 1894 to 1896.

Red Sultan

Nickname for Sultan Abdulhamid II due to violence.

Opium Wars

Conflicts resulting from British opium trade in China.

Unequal Treaties

Agreements favoring foreign powers over China.

Spheres of Influence

Regions where foreign powers held exclusive rights.

Self-Strengthening Movement

China's modernization effort in the 1860s-70s.

Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreigner uprising in China, suppressed by intervention.

Bushido Code

Samurai moral code, became personal after reforms.

Genros

Former samurai integrated into Japanese government.

Reform Bills

Legislation expanding voting rights in Britain.

Middle Class

Wealthy class emerging from industrialization.

Class Consciousness

Awareness of shared interests among working class.

Urbanization

Migration from rural areas to cities.

Housing Shortages

Lack of adequate housing due to urban growth.

Cholera

Disease spread through unsanitary drinking water.

Toxic Fog

Air pollution causing respiratory issues in cities.

Family Life Changes

Industrialization altered roles of men and women.

Women's Employment

Poor women worked in textiles and domestic service.

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth and social change.

Sanitation Issues

Inadequate systems leading to public health crises.

Middle-class women

Confined to household roles, lacking economic responsibilities.

Leisure time

Shifted towards entertainment like theaters and sports.

Legal reforms

Secularized laws, sometimes disadvantaging women's rights.

Female domesticity

Emphasis on traditional gender roles in the 19th century.

Women's rights movement

Campaign for property, divorce rights, and suffrage.

John Stuart Mill

Notable advocate for women's rights in the 19th century.

Harriet Taylor

Collaborated with Mill on women's rights advocacy.

Education expansion

Higher education opportunities gradually opened for women.

Gender-identified roles

Women commonly worked in teaching and secretarial jobs.

Child labor

Young children exploited in factories during Industrial Revolution.

Child labor laws

Legislation aimed to limit or ban child employment.

Education reform

Mandatory schooling to reduce child labor and improve literacy.

Environmental degradation

Industrial production caused significant pollution issues.

Ecological footprint

Environmental impact of industrial systems illustrated by pollution.

Global economy

Industrialization linked regions for raw material sourcing.

Latin America

Source of minerals and metals for industrialized nations.

Southeast Asia

Provided spices, rubber, tin, and timber.

Karl Marx

Developed theories of socialism and communism (1818-1883).

Reform Bills

British laws expanding voting rights in 1832, 1867, 1884.

Oliver Twist

Dickens's work highlighting class contrasts in industrial age.

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman Empire's modernization efforts from 1839 to 1876.

Janissaries

Ottoman elite military corps abolished by Sultan Mahmud II.

Sultan Mahmud II

Reformed the Ottoman Empire from 1808 to 1839.

Hatt-i Humayun

Ottoman Reform Edict ensuring equality in society.

Millet System

Religious community system in the Ottoman Empire.

The Communist Manifesto

Book outlining Marx and Engels' class struggle theories.

Labor Unions

Organizations advocating for workers' rights and reforms.

Self-Strengthening Movement

China's attempt to adopt Western technology and methods.

Samurai Class Dissolution

Legal end of samurai status and privileges in Japan.

Sultan Abdulhamid II

Ottoman Sultan known for initial reforms and autocracy.

Ottoman Constitution

Briefly established constitutional governance under Abdulhamid II.

Young Turks

Reformist group advocating for constitutional changes in Ottoman Empire.

Hamidian Massacres

Mass killings of Armenians during Abdulhamid II's rule.

Hundred Days of Reform

China's short-lived modernization effort in the 1890s.

Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreigner uprising in China suppressed by foreign forces.

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict where Japan defeated Russia, gaining Asian influence.

Treaty of Portsmouth

Agreement ending Russo-Japanese War, mediated by Roosevelt.

Military Influence in Japan

Rise of army officers dominating government post-World War I.

Women's Suffrage in England

Women gained voting rights after World War I.

Adam Smith

Economist advocating for individual entrepreneurship before industrialization.

Karl Marx

Founder of Marxism, theorizing class struggle and communism.

Friedrich Engels

Co-author of The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx.

Sultan Mahmud II

Reformer who abolished Janissaries and centralized tax collection.

Abdulhamid II's Policies

Shift from reform support to autocratic governance.

Decline of Liberalism in Japan

Military dominance indicates reduced liberal political influence.

John Stuart Mill

British philosopher advocating liberalism and utilitarianism.

Harriet Taylor

Mill's wife, influential in his feminist views.

Otto von Bismarck

German advisor who implemented socialist policies.

Kaiser Wilhelm I

German Emperor during Bismarck's policies.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

German Emperor following Wilhelm I's reign.

Genros

Elder statesmen in Japan post-Meiji Restoration.

Samurai

Traditional Japanese warrior class, lost autonomy in 1871.

Theodore Roosevelt

US President who brokered Treaty of Portsmouth.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Early advocate for women's rights, wrote Vindication.