Outline 4-6

Positivism (Micro)

believed people did crime because they were born to do crime

Lombroso

Father of Positivistic Criminology (1876)

Atavism

People born criminal due to early evolution or less evolution

Stigmatas

Physical characteristics that are visually and easily seen based on what criminals might have

Born Criminal

One third

Abnormal skulls, jaws, cheekbones, flat nose, different ears and eyes, large thighs

Somatotype

Body types

Endomorph

Soft, round, relaxed, food, company enjoying, social

Mesomorph (Most common)

Muscular, biologically inferior and mentally lacking

Ectomorph

Lean, quiet, alone, and reading

Eugenics

stopping the bad genes/ characteristics

Involuntary Sterilization

considered feeble/unfit, people legal to get sterilization involuntary

(Chemical castration, lobotomy, radio-controlled brain stimulus

Overall of Early Biological

None

Outcome for natural or environmental

50%

Additive Biosocial MOdel

Add bio factors and environmental factors

Correlated Biosocial Model

Bio factors first, then environmental factors

Sequential

Sociological environmental then biological

Multiplicative

# of bio * sociological

Monozygotic

One egg/ 100% shared DNA

Concordance

Portion/ rate of cases were family members display the same behaviors

Polygenic Disorder

Multiply genes that are linked to criminal behavior

Polymorphism

Genetic variants thar show the differences in our DNA

Frontal Lobe

Biggest lobe in the brain and problem solves, decision making, regulating emotions, and impulses

Dopamine

Related to pleasure and reward

Serotonin

Regulate emotion and cognition

Monoamine Oxidose

Regulates the amount of neurotransmitters by breaking down excess

Testosterone

Reproduction hormone

Cortisol

Stress hormone

Automatic Nervous System

Regulates reaction to stimuli

Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud approx 1900)

Believed in abnormalities in childhood

Psychopath

No empathy/ biological — controlled

Sociopath

Little empathy/ impulsive — environment, manipulative

Comorid w/ Antisocial Behavior

Two or more mental health disorders

Practices for Mental Health

Counseling, Medication, Cognitive- Behavioral Counseling

Social Ecology

Crime due to social/ecological conditions

Chicago

Cities expand/grow radially (inside-out)

Zone 1

Business central (more crime)

Zone 2 (more) (zone in transition)

Transitional Zone (factories, abandoned buildings)

Zone 3

Working Class Area (Blue Collar)

Zone 4

Residential Zone (White collar)

Zone 5

Commuter Zone

Social DIsorganization

More immigrants, poverty, run-down housing, great diversity in race, culture, ethnicity, and beliefs

Three variables in Social Disorganization

Poverty, Residential Mobility, and Racial and ethnic heterogeneity

Cultural Transmission

Absence of shared community values, allows a tradition of delinquent behavior that is handed down from generation to generation

Research on Social Disorganization

Moderate

Policies for Social Disorganization

Delinquency

Community Policing

Housing Programs

Immigration

Anomie

Community where norms are no longer effective/ without norms

Strain

Taught to follow/reach for traditional goals — can’t obtain them and turn to crime

Intergated

Balance between social structure and culture

Merton’s Anomie

No connection between goals and means

Main Cultural Goal

American Dream

Conformity

Accepts goals and means w/ America Dream

Innovation

Accepts goals, but rejects the means

Ritualism

Rejects the goals, but accepts the means

Rebellion

Rejects the system all together and will replace the goals and means with what they want

Criminal Subculture

Income driven

Conflict Subculture

Status driven

Retreatist Subculture

Double Failures

Research on Anomie and Strain

Weak to Moderate

Policies on Anomie and Strain

Neighborhood projects

Job Corps

Gang Intervention

Job Skills

Agnew’s Criticisms

Only lower class delinquency

Neglected goals besides the American Dream

Failure to consider barriers to achievement

When experiencing strain and why not all people

Agnew’s Added Thing to Strain

Emotion

Agnew’s Strain Theory is……

Micro

Agnew’s Strain Theory focuses on…….

individuals and other factors besides income

Three major types of Strain

Failure to achieve positive valued goals

Removal of positive valued stimuli

Confrontation of negative stimuli

Research on General Strain

Weak to Moderate

Policies on General Strain

Family/Individual counseling

Coping Skills

Education/ Job opportunities