AFL quiz 7

Phylum #8 (the Cryptophyta) are unicellular flagellated algae what are their chloroplasts derived from

a captured red algae

Cryptophytes have ejectosomes what do ejectosomes do (Same two things as trichocysts)

1) defense - spear enemies and movement - can run away from enemies

Where do cryptophytes tend to occur

“oligotrophic” lakes including lakes: Antarctica!! where they supplement the sugar they make by photosynthesis by also eating bacteria

Are the two flagella of orchomonas different from each other as the name "Heterokontophyta" implies and what difference do you see between the two flagella on Ochromonas

 One is long and one is short

Look at the information you have and describe something that is different between chrysophytes and cryptophytes

Chrysophytes store food as chrysolaminarin while cryptophytes store food cryptophycean starch.

Give any two things that are similar between chrysophytes and cryptophytes

They both have longitudinal movement for nutrients and both have chlorophyll a and c.

Besides occurring in oligotrophic lakes what are two other places where one can find chrysophytes

surfaces in streams and mud flats

What does the discobolocyst of a chrysophyte do

Projectile structures that help move the chyrsophyte away from a predator when in danger.

What is the resting stage in the chrysophyte life cycle called and what danger does it help chrysophytes avoid

When times get bad chrysophytes form “statospores” and drop down to the bottom of the pond to go dormant and hide out to avoid predators

We looked at data on seasonal abundance of algae at Egg Lake and saw chrysophytes are abundant in very early spring but then seem to largely disappear when a lot of them become statocysts. What is the advantage to them of having their active time very early in the year

less competitors and predators; nutrient mixing

having an elongated shape

Pennate

a slit running down the middle of some diatoms' shells through which they release mucus that enables them to glide along a surface

raphe

a flat open zone running down the middle of some diatoms' shells which does NOT have a slit for releasing mucus

pseudoraphe

the lower (ventral) valve in a diatom's glass shell

hypotheca

having a round shape (like a petri plate)

centric

the upper (dorsal) valve in a diatom's glass shell

epitheca

the entire glass shell around a diatom's shell

frustule

the zone between the upper and lower valves of the diatom's glass shell

girdle

Diatoms with raphes can move around on a solid surface under water. How does the raphe enable them to do that? Describe how it works

The raphe shoots out mucus allowing them to glide along surfaces

What is the difference between plankton and periphyton

Plankton float freely in water while periphyton attach to submerged surfaces. Periphyton therefore have raphe

Logically would a diatom species that has a raphe be likely to be a member of the plankton or the periphyton

Periphyton

What problem do diatoms have if they reproduce asexually for several generations

The cells get smaller and smaller over successive cell divisions.

What is the name of the stage that forms from two diatom gametes during sex and then grows very large in order to solve the diatom problem

auxospores

The explosive ingredient in dynamite is nitroglycerin. The genius of Nobel’s invention was that he found a way to keep the nitroglycerin calm. How

Diatomaceous earth was used as an absorbent for liquid nitroglycerin

what exactly is diatomaceous earth

Deposits of fossil diatoms.

list three geographical locations in the world where there are extensive deposits of diatomaceous earth

Quarries in California - Lakes in Florida - English Lake District

What micronutrients do all algae and plants need and what additional two micronutrients do some of them need

Chlorine iron boron manganese zinc copper molybdenum. Additional are nickel and sodium

Spring comes and the ice melts. What happens to the temperature profile (or the temperature distribution) at different water depths as the ice water starts warming

The water is warmed at the surface

What consequence does spring have for how water behaves in the pond (something called "spring turnover")

Mixing

What consequence does this water behavior (turnover) have how nutrients are distributed in the water

Even distribution

What consequence does this water behavior (turnover) have for where a heavy non-swimming cell like a diatom is located in the water

They get moved around w the current

What happens to diatom populations during water turnover

Rapied increase

What makes the diatom populations crash

toward the end of spring, bloom of green algae and cyanobacteria

As we get into summer why does the water "stratify" into an upper and a lower zone in the pond

Increased solar heating creates a density difference (heat rises cold sinks)

What is the problem with being stuck in the upper zone of water and what is the problem with being stuck in the lower zone?

Upper zone has a lack of nutrients while lower zone has a lack of sun

What is an oligotrophic pond and what is a eutrophic pond

An oligotrophic pond is a nutrient-poor clear-water pond with low biological productivity while a eutrophic pond is nutrient-rich has murky water and high biological productivity with abundant plant and algae growth

What are those two major phyla (not counting Euglenophyta) that can do really well in eutrophic ponds in summer

Cyanophyta and dinoflagellate

What is the amount of carbon fixed into sugar per meter squared per year in an oligotrophic pond vs. a eutrophic pond

Oligotrophic ~15-50 and Eutrophic ~150-500

What is an explanation we discussed for how cheese might have been discovered that takes into account what makes milk curdle into solids

nomads carry milk around in calf or goat stomach canteens all day and surprise they have cottage cheese because an enzyme from the stomach (rennet) acted on the milk proteins and curdled the milk

What are the components of milk

Milk = water + butterfat + albumin + casein + lactose + vitamins + minerals

Which components of milk are proteins

Casein and albumin

Which component of milk is a sugar

lactose

Which component of milk is capable of curdling or becoming solid

Casein

What are the various things that make casein become solid

Casein (a protein in milk) curdles when acted on by acid or by the enzymes pepsin or rennin leaving watery whey. Sources of acid: citric acid is commonly used made by lemon trees or by fungi. Vinegar works too. or put cheese starter culture bacteria in. These will convert lactose into lactic acid, which will curdle the mile. Sources of rennin:  calf fourth stomachs and fungi (“vegetable rennet”). 

Among the components of milk are two enzymes pepsin and rennin. Where are those two enzymes found in animals?

Calf fourth stomachs

Given the location where these two enzymes are found what type of pH environment do you suppose they function well in

acidic

Which sample recipes use both an acid and an ezyme to curdle milk

mozzarella cheese. large curd cottage cheese. Camambert cheese

How does one get rennin (commercially known as “rennet”) for cheesemaking if one is a vegetarian and doesn’t want to use a stomach of an animal

Certain species of fungi (particularly bread molds)

If you are making whey cheese is it high fat or low fat?

low

which fat-soluble vitamin would not be found much in whey cheese compared to cheese made from curds

Vitamin A

Which vitamin or vitamins would be relatively concentrated in whey cheese compared to cheese from curds

Vitamins: C, B1, B2

Whey can be a refreshing drink according to cheesemakers. What water-soluble component might make it taste okay as a drink – a component that goes with the whey rather than the curd

Milk sugar (lactose)

One of our cheeses (Camembert) makes more use of mold than the others. What type of fungus shows up in the recipe either by being added at the beginning or by being sprayed on later

Penicillium gets sprayed on

What does that penicillium do to help create flavor in the cheese

Penicillium also breaks down proteins

What two additional types of fungi are supposed to appear on their own in manufacturing Camembert cheeses (lecture outline)

yeasts and the deuteromycete mold Geotrichum candidum appear on their own.

What helpful thing does yeast do

The yeasts raise pH which helps Penicillium to grow.

What helpful thing does the other mold that comes in on its own do

Geotrichum contributes to flavor by making ammonia from proteins.

What macronutrients do all algae and plants need and what additional macronutrient do diatoms (and a few others such as horsetails) need

carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen potassium calcium magnesium phosphorus sulfur. diatoms also need silicon