Chapter 28 - Invertebrates

What Phylum do Sponges belong to?

Porifera

Are sponges sessile or free drifters?

Sessile

Do sponges contain a nervous, digestive, respiratory, or reproductive system?

No

Do sponges have true tissue and/or cephalization?

No sponges do not

Sponges contain amoebocytes and choanocytes in there Mesophyl

True

What is the function of Amoebocytes?

Deliver nutrients to the cells and they can turn into any other cell type(just like stem cells)

What is the function of Choanocytes?

Filters food particles from water and generates water currents

What supports the sponges body?

Spicules and protein fibers called spongin

List the spicules and fibers that support the body of a sponge

Silica spicules

Calcium carbonate spicules

Spongin(collagen-like) fibers

What does reproduction in sponges look like?

Asexually: by fragmentation and budding

Sexually: Hermaphroditic(M or F at different times)

Do sponges have gonads?

No gametes form in mesohyl

In sexual reproduction of sponges is there a larval stage?

Yes there is a larval stage

In the sponges larval stage, is the larvae flagellated?

Yes the larvae is flagellated

What creatures belong to Phylum Cnidarian

Jelly fish, hydra, sea anemones, and corals

Do cnidaria have radial symmetry?

Yes Cnidaria do

Are Cnidaria triploblastic or diploblastic

Cnidaria are diploblastic

Define diploblastic

Only contain an ectoderm and endoderm

Define triploblastic

Contain ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Are Cnidaria aquatic or land animals

Aquatic animals

Cnidaria as adults can either be sessile polyps or free-drifting medusa

True

Do Cnidarians have cephalization?

No

What type of cavity do Cnidaria have?

Gastrovascular cavity

Do Cnidaria have one or two openings

One opening, food and waste go in and exit the same place

How is the Cnidaria coordinated?

By nerve nets

Are cnidaria herbivores or carnivores?

Carnivores

How do Cnidaria “catch” their prey?

They sit and wait for their prey.

What do cnidarians use to catch their prey?

cnidocytes

What organelle can be found within a cnidocyte?

Nematocyst

What creatures can be found in Phylum Ctenophora?

Comb Jellies

Are comb jellies bilatera or do they have radial symmetry

radial symmetry

Are comb jellies diploblastic or triploblastic

Comb jellies are diploblastic

How do comb jellies move around in the ocean?

Through cilia

How many comb-plates do comb jellies have?

They have 8 comb-plates

How do comb-jellies catch there prey?

cells eject a sticky thread to catch prey

Are comb-jellies a carnivore or herbivore?

They are carnivores and engulf prey

Are lophotrochozoans bilatera?

Yes, lophotrochozoans are bilatera

What do lophotrochozoans use to feed?

Lophophores, in the larval stages they use trochophores

Lophotrochozoans: are Ectoprocts sessile or free-moving drifters

Ectoprocts are sessile

What is an example of an ectoproct?

Bryozoan

What is an example of a brachiopod?

Lampshell

How would you cut a brachiopod?

Down the middle

How would you cut a mollusk?

Down the hinge

What type of environment do Platyhelminthes live in?

Aquatic marine, fresh water, or damp terrestrial habitats

What shape do Platyhelminthes have? 

Flat shape(flat worms)

Why are Platyhelminthes flat?

Increase their surface area V/SA

How many Platyhelminthes are parasitic?

Most are parasitic(tapeworms and flukes)

Where does gas exchange and elimination of nitrogenous waste occur?

Through diffusion across the body

Are Platyhelminthes cephalized?

Yes but not sophisticated

Do Platyhelminthes have true coelem, pseudocoelem, or acoelomate?

Acoelomate

How many openings do Platyhelminthes have?

One opening with the gastrointestinal cavity

For Platyhelminthes, what happens at the cell level?

O2 and CO2 exchange

What do Platyhelminthes lack?

They lack a circulatory and respiratory system

What systems do Platyhelminthes have?

Digestive system with one opening

Nervous system: centralized collection of nerves

Excretory system: protonephridia w/flame cells(remove excess water and some wastes)

Reproductive system: usually hermaphroditic

How do humans get tape worms?

Undercooked and infected beef, pork, or fish

Do tapeworms have a mouth?

No they do not, they absorb nutrients directly from the hosts intestine

What are Rotifers?

free-living and aquatic

How big are rotifers?

Microscopic

For Rotifers, what is the Crown of Cilia’s function?

draws a vortex of water into the mouth

What are the jaws on Rotifers used for?

Grind up food

What type of Coelom do Rotifers have?

Pseudocoelom

Rotifers have an Alimentary canal, what is the function of it?

a digestive tube with two openings: mouth and anus

For Rotifers what kind of reproduction occurs?

Parthenogenesis; type of asexual reproduction(females produce females through unfertilized eggs)

Where do Mollusks live?

Mostly marine but some do live in freshwater and and some such as snails and slugs live terrestrially

For Phylum Mollusca, what are there shells made up of?

Calcium carbonate

What type of coelom do Mollusks have?

True coelom

Do Mollusks have cephalization?

Yes, there is cephalization except bilvalves

Major clades for Phylum Mollusca?

• Gastropoda

• Bivalvia

• Cephalopoda

What type of organisms can be found in Gastropoda?

Snails and slugs

What type of organisms can be found in Bivalvia?

Clams and Oysters

What type of organisms can be found in Cephalopoda?

Squids and Octopuses

What are the major structures of Mollusks?

1. Muscular foot(locomotion, digging)\

2. Visceral mass(internal organs)

3. Mantle

Bivalvia have an open circulatory system

True

Most Mollusks have an open circulatory system except..

Cephalopods

Where does specialized gas exchange occur?

Gills or simple lungs