U.S History 1865-1945 Final Exam Study Guide

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

All people born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Describe Lincoln's Reconstruction plan

-restore property-freed slaves can work freely (can't sell freedom)-voters had to make an oath

Describe Johnson's Reconstruction plan

WANTED CONFEDERATES TO PAY-if you didn't agree with the oath some of your land was taken- freed slaves would be give land- Former confederates who pledged loyalty to the union received a pardon

Describe the Congressional Reconstruction plan

-Leaders of the confederates would be executed (as an example to confederate followers)-Confederates will have all the same rights as the union until they prove themselves disloyal-Confederates need to give up some land if it's over $10,000 or 200 acres

urban

city

rural

country

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Causes of the Civil War

Economic and social differences between:North and the Southhaving states vs. federal rightsslaves vs. non-slave proponentsthe Growth of abolitionist movementthe election of President Abraham Lincoln.

Date of Reconstruction

1865-1877

Date of Civil War

April 1861- April 1865

Lincoln's Assassination (who, where, when, 17th president)

shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth@ Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C.,April 14, 1865Andrew Johnson was the following president

End of Reconstruction

Election of 1876 brought the Radical Republicans a loss of power and Northerners were tired of Reconstruction and wanted to forget the Civil War.

Parts of the Compromise of 1877

The removing all military forces in the former confederate statesTranscontinental railroad

Radical RepublicansG

Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Jim Crow Laws

designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

KKK

Ku Klux Klan--Against Blacks, Jews, Catholics. Used terror to control them

Westward Expansion

A movement westward for jobs, land, hope, the gold rush, adventure, a new beginning and the transcontinental railroad.It lasted from 1850-1890

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

The policy of the federal government toward the Native American tribes

They divided tribal property among the tribes members - taxation

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

What was the Cattle Industry

-the style of ranching known as the cowboy style
-movement of cattle herds across nation: cattle drive

Railroad Impact on Cattle Industry

-Shortened cattle drives-changed the speed of delivery

Culture of Plains Native Americans

Dry, grasslands. They were nomadic hunters of buffalo. Their lifestyle was centered around the buffalo and their habits. The natives lived in family groups or large clans. Lived in cone - shaped shelters called tepees.
Tribes: Sioux, Cheyenne, and Comanche.

Plains Native American battles (vs who, what was the issue?)

-Conflicts between the US government and Native Americans.- Fights over who owned what territory (Great plains between the Mississippi river and Rocky Mt.)

Destruction of buffalo impact

-Without the buffalo plains Indians had no reason to a nomadic life (became more like white settlers)

Dawes Act

1887- law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Geography of the Great Plains (who took advantage)

cotton, corn, and wheat fields, grazing livestock, dry areas that use irrigation for farming, Edwards Plateau, Red River, and LLano Basin; Amarillo
farmers took advantage

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

How many immigrates came to the U.S between 1880 - 1930?

20 million

Who tended to immigrate to the big cities? (ethnic groups)

Irish, Russian & Italian

Who tended to immigrate to the farms? (ethnic groups)

Germans & Scandinavians

Impact of Steel

Steel is lighter and cheaper, and stronger than iron. It became a major tool used for many inventions and architecture and Railroads.

Socail Darwinism

survival of the fittest

Melting Pot

the mixing of cultures, ideas, and people

Ellis Island

The east coast immigration processing center.

Angel Island

West coast immigration center (not so heavenly)

Nativisim

the belief that those born in a country are superior to immigrants

Immigration to the US (date, many what minority group)

-1820-1860-mostly from Ireland and Germany- Cities were packed

Conditions in cities

-full of crime,-overpopulation-filthy-political corruption

Motives to move to America (Immigration)

-Find jobs-religious freedom- "economic opportunity"

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Robber Barons

Someone who got rich from unethical, and reckless behaviorex. rags to riches - not so good way (selfish)

Caption of Industry

a business leader whose personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way (un-selfish)

Vanderbelt

pioneer of the railroad industry- operated a profitable shipping business controlled a lot of railroad lines

Rockfeller

-founded Standard Oil Company, owned 90% of industry, "business genius," -1st billionaire

Carnegie

A Scottish immigrant who made a fortune in steel and donated most of his profits.

Morgan

-Followed father into banking-Recognized financial troubles with railroads (made money off of that)-Bought Carnegie Steel-Created I.S. steel corporation

Edison, Thomas

a U.S. inventor who created mechanical uses of electricity (the light bulb)

Edward Drake

drilled the first oil well

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

Settlement Houses

neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities

Meat Inspection Act

1906:Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906:Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for being untruthful in labeling

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Horizontal Integration

A business strategy in which one company grows its operations at the same level in an industry- Expands companies revenue & size)

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892.By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists."Social Darwinism" - (huge part)

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Trust Corporation

a legal entity that acts as an agent or trustee on behalf of a person or business

Monopolies

Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service.

Sherman Antitrust Act

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital (money & wealth)

Bessemer Process

the method for making steel by blasting compressed air through molten iron to burn out excess carbon & impurities

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Jane Aadams

founded the Hull House, which taught women and children the skills needed to survive; women have many responsibilities and should be given right to vote

Progressive Era

1890 - 1920, Progressives tended to be women, middle class, and live in urban areas. Progressives sought to use government influence to solve societal problems.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

(1911)this factory kept doors locked to avoid theft trapping workers inside when a fire erupted; alerted reformers to the terrible conditions of industrial workers-146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions)

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Why did unions form?

To improve working conditions and to give workers more power in a competitive labor market.

World War I (date)

1914-1918

Imperalism

policy of strong nations controlling weaker ones

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Explain how the U.S acquired Alaska

The U.S bought Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars

Why was the US interested in Hawaii?

Hawaii became economically important to the U.S because American merchants stopped there on their way to China

When did Hawaii become a U.S. territory?

1898

What triggered WW1?

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Allied Powers WW1

Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Canada, Japan and the United States

Central Powers ww1

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Armistice

an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.

Lusitania

American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI

New technologies of WW1 (4)

Machine gun, tank, poison gas, and submarine

14 points

(1918) President Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Who where the "Big 4" relating to WW1

France, Italy, Great Britain & U.S

What did the French want out of the Treaty of Versailles?

-wants Germany punished-demanded harsh settlement that would eliminate Germany as a potential military threat

What did the Italy want out of the Treaty of Versailles?

-wanted territory to add to it's empire

What did the Great Britian want out of the Treaty of Versailles?

-restore Germany to a reasonable level of economic strength-"Make Germany Pay"

What did the U.S want out of the Treaty of Versailles?

-President Wilson wanted League of Nations (like NATO)-peace w/o victory

Leauge of Nations

an international organization up after World War I to prevent future wars

Militarism

glorification of the military

British Blockade

blockades all the german ports, choking off germany's imports, including food.