HIST 1301

1. Who is the author of the essay "The Hidden History of Mestizo America"? 

a) Ralph Waldo Emerson

b) Gary B. Nash 

c) Thomas Jefferson 

d) John Rolfe

b) Gary B. Nash 

2. In which journal was "The Hidden History of Mestizo America" published? 

a) American Historical Review 

b) Journal of Southern History 

c) The Journal of American History 

d) Western Historical Quarterly

c) The Journal of American History 

3. In what year did John Rolfe and Pocahontas appear before King James I and Queen Anne in London?

 a) 1607 

b) 1617 

c) 1622 

d) 1705

b) 1617 

4. What new English name was given to Pocahontas to Anglicize her? 

a) Martha 

b) Sarah 

c) Rebecca 

d) Elizabeth

c) Rebecca 

5. Who was Pocahontas's father, described as ruling a domain as big and populous as a north English county? 

a) Opechancanough 

b) Ooleteka 

c) Powhatan 

d) Washakie

c) Powhatan 

6. The first recorded interracial marriage in American history, between John Rolfe and Pocahontas, occurred primarily to achieve what? 

a) To expand trade routes with the Powhatan confederacy. 

b) A détente after a decade of abrasive and sometimes bloody conflict. 

c) To establish a new royal lineage for Virginia. 

d) To introduce Christianity to Native Americans.

b) A détente after a decade of abrasive and sometimes bloody conflict. 

7. In its original sense, what did the term "mestizo" refer to? 

a) Only the mixing of Spanish and Indian peoples. 

b) The offspring of African and European parents. 

c) Racial intermixture of all kinds. 

d) A specific legal classification in colonial Virginia.

c) Racial intermixture of all kinds. 

8. What was King James I's primary concern regarding the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas? 

a) The religious differences between them. 

b) The possibility of a multiracial heir to the throne. 

c) Whether a commoner such as Rolfe was entitled to wed the daughter of a king. 

d) The cultural implications for the English empire.

c) Whether a commoner such as Rolfe was entitled to wed the daughter of a king. 

9. According to the text, when did the word "miscegenation" (referring to racial mixture, especially sexual union of whites with Negroes) first appear? 

a) Early seventeenth century 

b) Late eighteenth century 

c) Mid-nineteenth century 

d) Early twentieth century

c) Mid-nineteenth century 

10. In his History and Present State of Virginia (1705), Robert Beverley expressed regret over what? 

a) The failure of tobacco crops. 

b) That Rolfe's intermarriage was not followed by many more. 

c) The high mortality rate of English settlers. 

d) The scarcity of Spanish women in the colonies.

b) That Rolfe's intermarriage was not followed by many more. 

11. William Byrd commended the "modern policy" of racial intermarriage, stating it was employed by which colonizers in French Canada and Louisiana? 

a) The French

b) The Dutch 

c) The Spanish 

d) The English

a) The French

12. Which colonial province was an exception in not banning intermarriage with Native Americans?

a) Virginia 

b) Massachusetts 

c) North Carolina 

d) South Carolina

c) North Carolina 

13. In 1784, Patrick Henry nearly passed a law in Virginia offering bounties for what type of marriages? 

a) White-African marriages. 

b) White-Indian marriages. 

c) European-European marriages. 

d) Marriages of freed slaves.

b) White-Indian marriages. 

14. How old was Sam Houston when he ran away to live among the Cherokees? 

a) Ten 

b) Sixteen 

c) Twenty-one 

d) Thirty-six

b) Sixteen 

15. In his third year as president, Thomas Jefferson pleaded for white and Indian settlements to do what? 

a) Meet and blend together, to intermix, and become one people. 

b) Maintain separate but peaceful coexistence. 

c) Establish clear territorial boundaries. 

d) Engage in cultural exchange programs.

a) Meet and blend together, to intermix, and become one people. 

16. How old was Sam Houston when he ran away to live among the Cherokees? 

a) Sixteen

b) Thirteen

c) Twenty-one 

d) Thirty-six

a) Sixteen

16. Who was the Cherokee chief who adopted Sam Houston? 

a) Chief Bowles 

b) Opechancanough 

c) Powhatan 

d) Ooleteka

d) Ooleteka

17. In what year did Sam Houston become the ambassador of the Cherokee nation to Washington? 

a) 1818 

b) 1820 

c) 1829 

d) 1836

c) 1829

18. What was the name of Sam Houston's mixed-blood Cherokee wife? 

a) Pocahontas 

b) O-shaw-gus-co-day-wayquak 

c) Tiana Rogers Gentry 

d) Lucy Gonzalez

c) Tiana Rogers Gentry 

19. Until recently, what did official biographies of Sam Houston omit? 

a) His political career in Texas. 

b) His service in the War of 1812. 

c) His Cherokee marriage. 

d) His role as president of Texas.

c) His Cherokee marriage. 

20. What was Sam Houston's nickname among the Cherokees, given his drunken arrogance? 

a) The big drunk

b) Swift Eagle

c) Lone Star 

d) The Peacemaker

a) The big drunk

21. What did Sam Houston hope to achieve by allying Cherokees and whites in Texas?

 a) A peaceful coexistence under Mexican rule. 

b) To combine Texas and northern Mexico into a vast territory for both. 

c) The establishment of an independent Cherokee nation. 

d) The expulsion of all Mexican residents from Texas.

b) To combine Texas and northern Mexico into a vast territory for both. 

22. What happened to Pocahontas shortly after boarding a ship in England in 1617, bound for Virginia? 

a) She died.

b) She gave birth to another baby. 

c) She was kidnapped. 

d) She returned to her father.

a) She died.

23. What was the consequence of Opechancanough's all-out assault in 1622 on the Virginia colony? 

a) It led to increased interracial marriages. 

b) It killed off one-third of the tobacco planters. 

c) It forced the English to abandon Virginia. 

d) It resulted in a lasting peace treaty.

b) It killed off one-third of the tobacco planters. 

24. Who was Sam Houston's successor as president of the Lone Star Republic? 

a) Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar 

b) Thomas Jefferson 

c) Andrew Jackson

d) Chief Bowles

a) Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar 

25. What policy did Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar advocate for the Cherokees? 

a) Assimilation into Texan society. 

b) Cherokee expulsion or extinction. 

c) Negotiation of new land treaties. 

d) Formation of a joint government.

b) Cherokee expulsion or extinction. 

26. What item was found around Chief Bowles's neck after his death on the battlefield, indicating Houston's efforts? 

a) A metal canister containing a treaty drafted and signed by Houston. 

b) A bear claw necklace.

c) A message from Sam Houston. 

d) A map of Cherokee lands.

a) A metal canister containing a treaty drafted and signed by Houston. 

27. From the early 1600s to the late 1800s, what was a common practice among English, French, and Spanish fur traders in North America regarding marriage? 

a) They typically remained single.

b) They married women from their home countries. 

c) They were typically married to Indian women. 

d) They married freed African women.

c) They were typically married to Indian women. 

28. What is the French term (comparable to Spanish mestizaje) for the joining of English or French traders and their Indian wives, and their offspring?

 a) Mestizaje 

b) Mitissage 

c) Creole 

d) Mulatto

 a) Mestizaje 

29. What was the name of the Ojibway wife of Irish trader John Johnson? 

a) O-shaw-gus-co-day-wayquak 

b) Tiana Rogers Gentry 

c) Pocahontas

d) Lucy Gonzalez

a) O-shaw-gus-co-day-wayquak 

30. What did the French immigrant trapper Michael Laframboise boast about? 

a) Having the largest collection of furs. 

b) His ability to speak many native languages fluently.

 c) Having a high-ranking wife in every Indian tribe in the region. 

d) Being the fastest trapper in Oregon Territory.

 c) Having a high-ranking wife in every Indian tribe in the region. 

31. How many times did Jim Bridger marry, and to whom?

a) Once, to a white woman.

b) Twice, to Mexican women.

c) Three times, each time to an Indian woman.

d) Four times, to European immigrants.

c) Three times, each time to an Indian woman.

32. Which of the following was NOT one of Kit Carson's four wives mentioned in the text? 

a) An Chinese woman 

b) A Cheyenne woman 

c) An Arapaho woman 

d) A Taos-born Indian-Mexican woman

a) An Chinese woman 

33. How should the frontier be conceptualized, according to the document? 

a) As a line that divided two separate societies. 

b) Primarily as a battleground. 

c) As a zone of deep intercultural contacts. 

d) As a barrier to racial mixing.

c) As a zone of deep intercultural contacts. 

34. In eastern North America from the 1600s to the 1800s, where did escaping African slaves often seek refuge?

a) Spanish missions.

b) White abolitionists.

c) Native Americans.

d) French trappers

c) Native Americans.

35. How did white colonists attempt to promote hatred between Native Americans and Africans?

a) By offering bounties to Indians who captured escaping Africans. 

b) By preventing all contact between them. 

c) By educating Indians about the evils of African slavery. 

d) By segregating them into separate territories.

a) By offering bounties to Indians who captured escaping Africans. 

36. Who was Crispus Attucks, the first person to shed blood in the Boston Massacre of 1774?

a) A white colonist.

b) A British soldier.

 c) An Afro-Indian. 

d) An African slave.

 c) An Afro-Indian. 

37. What was Paul Cuffe, son of an African father and Wampanoag mother, known for planning after the Revolution? 

a) To lead an Indian uprising. 

b) To negotiate peace treaties with Britain. 

c) The repatriation of Black Yankees to Sierra Leone. 

d) To establish a new multiracial colony in the Caribbean.

c) The repatriation of Black Yankees to Sierra Leone. 

38. Which of the following is an example of a "triracial community" mentioned in the text? 

a) Puritans 

b) Quakers 

c) Lumbees 

d) Huguenots

c) Lumbees 

39. In what year did the Cherokee Nation pass a law forbidding intermarriage with African Americans? 

a) 1785

 b) 1824 

c) 1830 

d) 1863

 b) 1824 

40. How many times did Chulio, a famous Cherokee chief and warrior, marry, and what was the racial background of his last wife?

a) Once, a Cherokee woman.

b) Twice, first a Cherokee woman, then a white woman.

c) Three times, with his last wife being one of his Black slave women.

d) Four times, all to Cherokee women.

c) Three times, with his last wife being one of his Black slave women.

41. According to the document, approximately what percentage of African Americans today are multiracial? 

a) One-quarter 

b) One-half 

c) Three-quarters 

d) Almost all

c) Three-quarters 

42. What was the heritage of Lucy Gonzalez Parsons, a pivotal figure in American labor history? 

a) White and Irish 

b) Black, Creek, and Mexican 

c) Spanish and Indian

d) Chinese and Japanese

b) Black, Creek, and Mexican 

43. What happened to Albert Parsons, husband of Lucy Gonzalez Parsons, in 1887?

a) He became president of a labor union.

b) He was deported from the United States.

c) He was executed as one of the anarchists inciting the Haymarket Square riot.

d) He founded a white supremacist newspaper.

c) He was executed as one of the anarchists inciting the Haymarket Square riot.

44. How is Lucy Parsons listed in Black Women In America?

a) As "Lucia Gonzalez Parsons"

b) As "the first Latina woman to play a prominent role in the American Left"

c) As "Lucy Parsons": "the first Black woman to play a prominent role in the American Left"

d) As an influential Mexican-American writer

c) As "Lucy Parsons": "the first Black woman to play a prominent role in the American Left"

45. In 1785, Virginia's legal definition of a Black person was anyone with which of the following ancestries?

a) One drop of African blood.

b) A Black parent or grandparent.

c) At least one-sixteenth Black.

d) Any visible African characteristics.

b) A Black parent or grandparent.

46. What notorious law did Virginia adopt in 1930, defining anyone with one drop of African blood as Black?

a) The anti-miscegenation act

b) The racial purity act

c) The "one-drop" law

d) The segregation act

c) The "one-drop" law

47. Which system in Spanish America facilitated close contact and mixing between Spanish males and indigenous women who served as tribute laborers?

a) Encomienda

b) Hacienda

c) Repartimento

d) Peonage

c) Repartimento

48. By 1650, which group had come to outnumber Spaniards in New Spain?

a) Indigenous peoples

b) African slaves

c) Mestizos

d) Mulattoes

c) Mestizos

49. What was the name of the eighteenth-century Mexican painting genre that openly acknowledged and classified the mixing of Spanish, Indian, and African races?

a) Still life

b) Landscape

c) Royal portraits

d) "Las Castas"

d) "Las Castas"

50. According to the classification scheme of "Las Castas," what was the offspring of a Spanish and Indian couple called?

a) Mulatto

b) Castizo

c) Mestizo

d) Chino

c) Mestizo

51. What terms were used in "Las Castas" paintings for racial mixtures so complex that the resulting persons were "impossible to unscramble"?

a) "Pure-bloods" or "Noble heritage"

b) "Unknown origins" or "Mixed race"

c) "Tente en el aire" (you grope in the air) or "no te entiendo" (I don't get you)

d) "Cosmic race" or "New nation"

c) "Tente en el aire" (you grope in the air) or "no te entiendo" (I don't get you)

52. The "pigmentocratic system" described in relation to "Las Castas" means that social and economic status largely depended on what?

a) Religious beliefs.

b) Family lineage.

c) Skin color.

d) Education level

c) Skin color.

54. In Letters from an American Farmer (1782), Crevecoeur observed that while thousands of Europeans became Indians, there were no examples of what?

a) Indians learning European languages.

b) Indians adopting European farming methods.

c) Indians voluntarily becoming Europeans by choice.

d) Indians intermarrying with Europeans.

c) Indians voluntarily becoming Europeans by choice.

55. In Redburn (1849), what did Herman Melville proclaim about the Western Hemisphere?

a) All tribes and people are forming into one federated whole.

b) Racial purity was paramount for national strength.

c) Separate racial groups would remain forever distinct.

d) European dominance would last indefinitely.

a) All tribes and people are forming into one federated whole.

56. What term did Wendell Phillips, the abolitionist, use in 1853 to describe the nation?

a) United States of America

b) The United States of the United Races

c) The Anglo-Saxon Republic

d) New Europe

b) The United States of the United Races

57. Which movement, prevalent in the early twentieth century, depicted mixed-race people as degenerate and racial amalgamation as a prescription for national suicide?

a) The abolitionist movement

b) The temperance movement

c) The eugenics movement

d) The Progressive movement (in its broader sense)

c) The eugenics movement

58. Who was Madison Grant, and what was his central fear expressed in The Passing of the Great Race (1916)?

a) A labor leader who feared the mixing of social classes.

b) An eastern establishment lawyer who feared the destruction of white intellectual and moral attainments by racial intermixing.

c) An immigrant rights activist who feared the loss of ethnic identities.

d) A scientist who feared the spread of infectious diseases from other races.

b) An eastern establishment lawyer who feared the destruction of white intellectual and moral attainments by racial intermixing.

59. What concept, advanced by Randolph Bourne, was described as "a weaving back and forth, with the other lands, of many threads of all sizes and colors"?

a) Melting pot

b) Anglo-Saxonism

c) Transnationality

d) Cultural pluralism

c) Transnationality

60. According to the document, what has run ahead of ideology and often caused identity confusion and anguish regarding racial mixing?

a) Economic factors

b) Political movements

c) Human emotions – the attraction of people to each other regardless of race and religion.

d) Religious doctrines

c) Human emotions – the attraction of people to each other regardless of race and religion.

1. Gary B. Nash delivered the essay "The Hidden History of Mestizo America" as a presidential address at the national meeting of which organization on March 31, 1995? 

a) The American Historical Association 

b) The Society of American Archivists 

c) The Organization of American Historians 

d) The National Council for the Social Studies

c) The Organization of American Historians 

2. According to the essay, in the early seventeenth century, what was the prevailing sentiment regarding racial intermixture? 

a) It was strictly prohibited by law. 

b) It was universally condemned by religious leaders. 

c) Negative ideas about miscegenation had hardly formed. 

d) It was a common practice only among lower classes.

c) Negative ideas about miscegenation had hardly formed. 

3. In his History and Present State of Virginia (1705), what specific characteristic did Robert Beverley describe Indian women as generally possessing? 

a) Exceptional wisdom and leadership skills. 

b) Uncommon delicacy of shape and features. 

c) Remarkable strength and resilience. 

d) Extensive knowledge of medicinal plants.

b) Uncommon delicacy of shape and features. 

4. William Byrd, while commending racial intermarriage, confessed his personal preference for what physical characteristic in women? 

a) Light-skinned 

b) Dark hair 

c) Tall stature 

d) Strong physique

a) Light-skinned 

5. After Thomas Jefferson's plea for white and Indian settlements to blend, six years later, just before returning to Monticello, what did he promise a group of western Indian chiefs? 

a) That they would receive new land grants to the west. 

b) That he would secure their independence from federal oversight.

 c) "You will mix with us by marriage, your blood will run in our veins."

 d) That he would negotiate favorable trade agreements for their tribes.

 c) "You will mix with us by marriage, your blood will run in our veins."

6. Sam Houston's act of running away from his autocratic older brothers was compared in the text to whom? 

a) George Washington

b) Benjamin Franklin

c) Daniel Boone

d) Andrew Jackson

b) Benjamin Franklin

7. When Sam Houston ran away from Virginia, he made his way west to Hiwassee Island, located in which present-day state?

a) North Carolina

b) Kentucky

c) Western Tennessee

d) Alabama

c) Western Tennessee

8. In what year did Ooleteka, Sam Houston's adopted father, become the Cherokee chief?

a) 1809

b) 1818

c) 1820

d) 1829

c) 1820

9. After leaving the Cherokee nation due to his drunken arrogance, where did Sam Houston head to fight and speculate his way to fame?

a) California

b) Florida

c) New Orleans

d) Texas

d) Texas

10. John Rolfe remarried in Virginia in what year, two years before his death in Opechancanough's assault?

a) 1617

b) 1620

c) 1622

d) 1705

b) 1620

11. What was a direct consequence of Opechancanough's all-out assault in 1622 on the Virginia colony regarding intermarriage?

a) It led to a temporary increase in alliances.

b) It prompted a new law promoting intermarriage.

c) Intermarriage in Virginia thereafter was a rarity.

d) It caused all English settlers to abandon the colony.

c) Intermarriage in Virginia thereafter was a rarity.

12. The Cherokees, allied with Andrew Jackson and Sam Houston, fought against which group in the climactic Battle of Horseshoe Bend during the War of 1812?

a) The Algonkians

b) The Shoshone

c) The Creeks

d) The Iroquois

c) The Creeks

13. What additional detail did Chief Bowles carry on the battlefield, besides the metal canister, when he died in 1839?

a) A map of his ancestral lands.

b) A sword inscribed by Houston.

c) A diplomatic letter from the Mexican government.

d) A personal diary documenting Cherokee history.

b) A sword inscribed by Houston.

14. The term "mitis" in French refers to what, in the context of fur traders and Indian women?

a) The trade goods exchanged.

b) The formal alliance formed.

c) The offspring of such unions.

d) The settlements established.

c) The offspring of such unions.

15. Jim Bridger, the fabled mountain man, married three times, including once to the daughter of which Shoshone chief?

a) Powhatan

b) Ooleteka

c) Chief Bowles

d) Chief Washakie

d) Chief Washakie

16. What phrase was used in the document to describe the "natural affinity" that led escaping African slaves to seek refuge among Native Americans?

a) A strategic alliance for survival.

b) A common economic interest.

c) An affinity between oppressed peoples.

d) A desire for cultural assimilation.

c) An affinity between oppressed peoples.

17. Besides offering bounties, how else did white colonists attempt to promote hatred between Native Americans and Africans?

a) By segregating their living areas.

b) By preventing communication between them.

c) By trying to convince Indians that Africans were a detestable people.

d) By enacting laws that favored one group over the other.

c) By trying to convince Indians that Africans were a detestable people.

18. What concept describes the cultural exchange and mixing that occurred when fugitive African slaves disappeared into Indian society, contributing to Afro-Indian interactions?

a) Cultural appropriation

b) Racial segregation

c) Afro-Indian transculturation

d) Indigenous assimilation

c) Afro-Indian transculturation

19. Paul Cuffe, the Afro-Indian who planned the repatriation of Black Yankees to Sierra Leone, was the son of an African father and a mother from which Native American tribe?

a) Cherokee

b) Ojibway

c) Shoshone

d) Wampanoag

d) Wampanoag

20. What specific group of laborers did California's San Joaquin and Imperial valley landowners turn to after immigration restrictions limited new Chinese and Japanese contract laborers?

a) Irish and Italian immigrants

b) Koreans, Filipinos, and South Asians

c) Eastern European refugees

d) Caribbean islanders

b) Koreans, Filipinos, and South Asians

21. In California, what specific loophole in anti-miscegenation laws did Punjabis find by the end of World War I to allow them to marry people of different "races"?

a) Marrying outside the state.

b) Converting to a specific religion.

c) County clerks would issue licenses if they had a similar skin color.

d) Obtaining special permits from the state governor.

c) County clerks would issue licenses if they had a similar skin color.

22. Between what years did 80 percent of Asian Indian men in California marry Hispanic women, a period that ended with the abrogation of California's law prohibiting racial intermarriage?

a) 1890 and 1910

b) 1900 and 1930

c) 1913 and 1949

d) 1950 and 1970

c) 1913 and 1949

23. Which common Sikh surname can still be found among the descendants of Punjabi-Hispanic marriages in California's valleys, despite many having Hispanic first names?

a) Khan

b) Patel

c) Singh

d) Rodriguez

c) Singh

24. Which historian's dictum is quoted, stating that "In the crucible of the frontier the immigrants were American-ized, liberated, and fused into a mixed race, English in neither nationality nor characteristics"?

a) Frederick Douglass

b) Howard Zinn

c) Frederick Jackson Turner

d) Alfred Crosby

c) Frederick Jackson Turner

25. According to the text, what percentage of Latino Americans are virtually multiracial?

a) One-quarter

b) One-half

c) Three-quarters

d) Almost all

d) Almost all

26. What was the profession of Lucy Gonzalez Parsons' husband, Albert Parsons, during the Civil War?

a) Union spy

b) Confederate scout

c) Abolitionist preacher

d) Labor organizer

b) Confederate scout

27. Albert Parsons' brother, William Parsons, expressed his disgust for "the mongrel results"

a) Democratic newspaper

b) Abolitionist newspaper

c) White supremacist newspaper

d) Socialist newspaper

c) White supremacist newspaper

28. Lucy and Albert Parsons became leading activists in Chicago during which major labor event in 1877?

a) The Pullman Strike

b) The Homestead Strike

c) The railroad strike

d) The Haymarket Square riot (though Albert was executed 10 years later for inciting it)

c) The railroad strike

31. In Spanish America, the early mixing between Spanish males and indigenous women was especially facilitated by repartimento, which made Indian peoples subject to Spanish conquerors as:

a) Adopted family members

b) Religious converts

c) Tribute laborers

d) Military allies

c) Tribute laborers

39. What did Secretary of State Dean Rusk argue in 1965 was the reason the United States must end its racist immigration restriction laws of the 1920s? 

a) To increase the labor supply for industry. 

b) To improve its image among European allies. 

c) They undermined the nation's need to offer nonwhite Third World nations an alternative to communism. 

d) To comply with new international human rights treaties.

c) They undermined the nation's need to offer nonwhite Third World nations an alternative to communism.