unit 8 test

Civil Rights Act of 1875

outlaws segregation, but eventually ruled unconstitutional

Roosevelt's Executive Order 8822

end discrimination in wartime industries

NAACP

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
• aims legal strategy toward ending school segregation (led by Thurgood Marshall, legal team secures multiple victories, including Brown v. Board)

What amendment did Plessy v. Ferguson violate?

14th Amendment

What was established in the Civil Rights Act of 1957?

Civil Rights Commission; focuses on voting rights

Who influenced the ideas of MLK?

• Gandhi
• Christianity
• Henry David Thoreau
• A. Philip Randolph

SCLC

• Southern Christian Leadership Conference
• start at grassroots + appeal to ordinary Americans

SNCC

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
• organizes sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina
• played an integral role in Freedom Rides, March on Washington, Freedom Summer, etc.
• start nonviolent, but turn more militant

CORE

• Congress of Racial Equality
• organized a freedom ride from New Orleans --> NYC to test integration of public transportation
• Kennedy orders marshalls to protect Freedom Riders
• sends mandate to enforce desegregation in facilities serving interstate travelers

March on Washington

show support for Civil Rights Act (passed in 1964, march in 1963)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• prohibit discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, gender, no segregation in public facilities

Fannie Lou Hamer

• formed Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party as a non-racist alternative
• not seated at convention + compromise to accept 2 seats was rejected
• feel betrayed

Selma Campaign

• protest voting problems & violence
• a series of protests in 1965 aimed at securing African Americans' right to vote in Selma, Alabama
• results in Voting Rights Act of 1965

Voting Rights Act of 1965

• no more literacy tests
• fed. examiners sent to register
• preclearance

24th Amendment

no poll taxes (pay taxes to vote)

Black Panthers

• formed by Huey P. Newton & Bobby Seale; militant, radical young
• protested police brutality
• armed self-defense
• emphasized African-Am. heritage

Kerner Commission

• investigate urban violence
• a lot is due to racism

Civil Rights Act of 1968

ended discrimination in housing

What were some accomplishments of Civil Rights Movement?

• more Afr.-Am. gong to college, better jobs
• more voting, elected officials
• greater pride in racial identity

What is some unfinished work of the movement?

• people's attitudes hard to change
• job limitations
• stereotypes
• poorer neighborhoods

Ho Chi Minh

leader of the Indochinese Communist Party

What happened at Dien Bien Phu?

France lose huge outpost & lost

Geneva Accords

• election for gov. in 1956 --> South refuses b/c they know they'll lose
• nationalist gov. in South, communist gov. North

Ngo Dinh Diem

leader of anti-communist nationalists (South Vietnam)

Ho Chi Minh Trail

• North send supplies to Vietcong
• U.S. bombs trail --> outlash b/c we bomb Laos & Cambodia

Operation Rolling Thunder

first big sustained bombing of North Vietnam

Robert McNamara

Secretary of Defense

Dean Rusk

Secretary of State

How many Americans supported intervention in Vietnam in 1965?

61%; mostly popular

General William Westmoreland

• general of Vietnam War
• fought in Korean War

U.S. military strategies in Vietnam

• war of attrition
• search-or-destroy missions
• bombing campaigns

SDS

• Students for a Democratic Society
• oppose war, social / political change, promote participatory

Where did the Free Speech Movement begin?

UC Berkeley

Who won the 1986 Presidential Election?

Nixon

When did the last American combat troops leave Vietnam?

March 29, 1973

When did Saigon fall?

1975

What Communist regime took over in Cambodia?

Khmer Rouge

Haight-Ashbury

• San Francisco neighborhood; center of hippie movement
• freedom, expression

Orangeburg Massacre

police opened fire on a crowd of protesters at South Carolina State College

Eugene McCarthy

• senator
• ran for 1968 Democratic nomination