BIO 201 Lab: Practical 2 ASU With complete verified solutions + Rationales

alternating light and dark bands caused by the overlap of motor proteins (myosin and actin). thick and thin filaments

striations

muscle cells containing various organelles and contractile proteins that are used for contraction.

myofibers

which muscle has long and striated fibers with multiple nuclei

skeletal muscle

which muscle functions in body movements, facial expressions, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing. it is VOLUNTARY

skeletal muscle

which muscle is located in the tongue, circles around the lips, eyelids, urethra, and anus.

skeletal muscle

which muscle has short myocytes with slightly branched ends, striations, intercalated discs, and is uninucleated

cardiac muscle

a complex of adherents, gap junctions, and desmosomes that join cardiac cells

intercalated discs

what muscle is responsible for pumping the blood? INVOLUNTARY

cardiac muscle

what muscle is located in the heart

cardiac muscle

which muscle contains short fusiform (tapered at ends) cells over lapping each other, non striated, and uninucleated

smooth muscle

which muscle functions in swallowing, cause contractions of the gastrointestinal tract, expulsion of feces/urine, labor contractions, blood pressure, pupil diameter, erection of hairs. INVOLUNTARY

smooth muscle

which muscle is located in sheets of tissue in walls of blood vessels and viscera, iris, associated with hair follicles, involuntary sphincters of urethra and anus.

smooth muscle

which two muscles have striations.

cardiac and skeletal

is the skeletal muscle uninucleated or multinucleated?

multinucleated

is the cardiac muscle uninucleated or multinucleated?

uninucleated

is the smooth muscle uninucleated or multinucleated?

uninucleated

skeletal muscle: voluntary or involuntary?

voluntary

cardiac muscle: voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

smooth muscle: voluntary or involuntary

involuntary

which muscle contains intercalated discs?

cardiac muscle

sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscle groups from each other and subcutaneous tissues

fascia

fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle. superficial grades into fascia, deeply grades into perimysium.

epimysium

wraps muscle fibers into bundles

perimysium

bundles of muscle fibers

fascicles

loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. accommodates blood capillaries and nerves

endomysium

skeletal muscle cell

muscle fiber

shape: thick in the middle and tapered at each end

fusiform

shape: uniform direction of fascicles

parallel

fan shaped. broad at one end and tapered at the other

triangular (convergent)

feather shaped

pennate

____pennate: all fascicles approach the tendon from one direction

unipennate

____pennate: fascicles approach the tendon from two directions

bipennate

____pennate: fascicles approach the tendon from multiple directions

multipennate

shape: form an opening that can open or close. can be formed by either skeletal or smooth muscle

circular (sphincters)

prime mover! the muscle that produces the most force during a particular joint action

agonist

a muscle that opposes the prime mover. maintains some tension on the joint and thus limits the speed of range of the prime mover

antagonist

a muscle that prevents a bone from moving, allowing other muscles that are attached to pull on a different bone

fixator

a muscle that aids the prime mover. actions between the prime mover and _____ are not usually identical. this may help stabilize the joint

synergist

increases the angle of the joint

extension

decreases the angle of the joint

flexion

movement of the ankle that reduces the joint angle and raises the toes

dorsiflexion

movement of the ankle that increases joint angle and curls toes

plantar flexion

movement of the body part away from the midline

abduction

movement of the body part towards the midline

adduction

movement in which one end of appendage remains stationary while the other moves in a circular motion.

circumduction

increases the angle more than 180 degrees

hyperextension

foot movement in which the plantar region faces the median plane

inversion

foot movement in which the plantar regions faces laterally

eversion

a rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm downward or posteriorly

pronation

a rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm so that it faces upward or forward

supination

turning of a joint along its axis

rotation

O: Temporal lines and temporal fossa of cranium

I: Coronoid process and anterior border of mandibular ramus

temporalis

O: zygomatic arch

I: Lateral surface of mandibular ramus and angle

masseter

O: Lacrimal bone, adjacent regions of frontal bone and maxilla; medial

angle of eyelids

I: Upper and lower eyelids; skin around margin of orbit

sphincter of the eyelids

orbicularis oculi

O: Lesser wing of sphenoid in posterior wall of orbit

I: upper eyelid

levator palpebrae superioris

O: zygomatic bone

I: blends with muscles at superolateral angle of mouth

zygomaticus major

O: zygomatic bone

I: blends with the orbicular iris muscle

zygomaticus minor

O: corners of mouth

I: submucosa and dermis of lips

encircles mouth

orbicularis oris

O: fascia covering the superior portions of the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles below the clavicle

I: lower border of the mandible, lateral fibers will attach to the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscles surrounding the mouth.

platysma

O: manubrium of sternum, medial 1/3 of clavicle

I: mastoid process of temporal bone

sternocleidomastoid

O: transverse process of all cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

I: ribs 1 and 2

3 of them

Scalenes (anterior, middle, and posterior)

what muscle causes lateral flexion of the neck and what type of action is this?

scalene, unilateral

O: anterior belly- digastric fossa of mandible

posterior belly- mastoid process of temporal bone

I: hyoid bone via fascial ling

digastric

O: styloid process of temporal bone

I: hyoid bone

stylohyoid

O: inferior margin of the mandible

I: hyoid bone

mylohyoid

O: manubrium of sternum, medial end of clavicle

I: hyoid bone

sternohyoid

O: manubrium of sternum, costal cartilage

I: thyroid cartilage of larynx

sternothyroid

O: superior border of scapula

I: hyoid bone

omohyoid

O: thyroid cartilage of larynx

I: hyoid bone

thyrohyoid

O: inferior margins of ribs 1-11

I: superior margin of next lower rib

external intercostals

O: superior margins of ribs 2-12, margin of sternum

I: inferior margin of next higher rib

internal intercostals

O: pubis symphysis and superior margin of pubis

I: xiphoid process, costal cartilages 5-7

rectus abdominis

O: Ribs 5-12

I: anterior half of iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia

internal abdominal oblique

O: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, costal cartilages 7-12

I: linea alba, pubis, aponeurosis of internal oblique

transverse abdominis

I: transverse abdominis

non-muscular, fibrous structure running between the diploid process and pubic symphysis

linea alba

O: transverse process of C7-T6

I: occipital bone

semispinalis

O: dorsal sacrum, iliac crest, and spinous process

I: ribs, transverse process of cervical vertebrae

iliocostalis

what muscle cause lateral flexion of the vertebral column and what type of action is this?

iliocostalis, unilateral

what muscles are known as the "antigravity" muscle? Erector Spinae group

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis,

O: dorsal sacrum, iliac crest, spinous process

I: transverse process(thoracic and cervical), ribs, mastoid process

longissimus

what muscle causes lateral flexion of the vertebral column and contralateral rotation of the head and what type of action is this?

longissimus, unilateral

what muscle causes extension of the vertebral column, extension of the head, depresses ribs and what type of action is this?

longissimus, bilateral

O: spinous process and nuchal ligament

I: spinous process (thoracic and cervical), occipital bone

spinalis

what muscle cause extension of the vertebral column and what type of action is this?

spinalis, bilateral

O: Spinous processes of vertebrae T2-T5

I: medial border of scapula

rhomboideus major

O: transverse process of vertebrae C1-C4

I: superior angle to medial border of scapula

levator scapulae

O: External occipital protuberance, medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, spinous process of vertebrae T1-T12

I: acromion and spine of scapula, lateral one third of clavicle

trapezius

O: all or nearby all ribs

I: medial border of scapula

serratus anterior

what muscle is also known as the "boxer's muscle?"

serratus anterior

O: ribs 3-5 and overling fascia

I: coracoid process of scapula

pectoralis minor

O: coracoid process of scapula

I: medial aspect of femoral shaft

coracobrachilais

O: medial half of clavicle, lateral margin of sternum, costal cartilages 1-7, aponeurosis of external oblique

I: intertubercular sulcus of humerus

pectoralis major

O: Vertebrae T7-L5; lower three or four ribs; iliac crest; thoracolumbar fascia

I: intertubercular sulcus of humerus

latissimus dorsi

O: Spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T1; nuchal ligament

I: medial border of scapula

rhomboideus minor

O: Lateral fibers- acromion process of scapula

posterior fibers- spine of scapula

anterior fibers- lateral portion of clavicle

I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus

deltoid

which fibers of the deltoid extend and laterally rotate the shoulder?

posterior fibers

what shape is the deltoid?

triangular

muscles of rotator cuff? (SITS)

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

O: supraspinous fossa of scapula

I: greater tubercle of humerus

supraspinatus

O: infraspinous fossa of scapula

I: greater tubercle of humerus

infraspinatus