Life Development exam 2

What does the APGAR scale stand for and when is it tested?

Activity (muscles), Pulse (bp), Grimace (reflex), Appearance (color), and Respiration (breath); tested at 1 and 5 minutes

Why does US have a high infant mortality rate compared to other developed nations?

economic and SES disparity combined with lack of healthcare availability for lower SES; latent racism in healthcare system

What demographic is most at risk for maternal and infant mortality, and what causes it?

Black women and infants are at higher risks; due to toxic stress and weathering (breaking down of body due to stress) during pregnancy that stems from racism

What correlates with low birth weight (LBW)?

lack of prenatal care (lack of OBGYNs, transport, $$, and education), premature birth, multiple births (twins/triplets/etc.), disabilities; later heart diseases, diabetes, early onset puberty, breast cancer, and lower testicular volume

What correlates with high birth weight (HBW)?

breast cancer

What are interventions for preterm infants?

isolette (incubator), Kangaroo Care, steroids to mother, respirator, feeding tube, intravenous nutrition/medication

What is an isolette?

body temp regulator for infants

What is Kangaroo Care?

near-constant skin to skin contact between mother (father can work too) and premature infant to promote optimal development

Describe egg freezing

high doses of hormonal therapy + stimulation, and then harvesting and freezing of eggs

Describe the changes in infant height and weight in the first year

doubling of weight in the first 5 months and 50% increase in height; "baby fat" increases until 9 months and then gets 'slimmer' in order to help regulate/maintain body temp

Define cephalocaudal

head grows before lower parts of the body

Define proximodistal

head, chest and trunk grow before the extremities

When does the growth plate disappear?

After stopped growing (epiphyseal closes around 18-19 years)

How does the skeletal system change in middle childhood?

slowly but regularly, where lower portion of body (mostly legs) grow the fastest. bones lengthen and ossify (decreasing total number of bones 270 to 206), permanent teeth arrive

When do our 'baby' teeth (first set) start/stop to appear and start/stop to be lost, respectively?

begins appearing in infancy, stops in emerging adulthood with wisdom teeth; begins loss in middle childhood, loss stops in adolescence

What are fontanelles and why are they important?

'soft spots' in newborns that are the gaps between plates of bones. eventually fuse/harden; important to have a flexible skull for birthing process and brain growth

What system drives pubertal changes?

endocrine system (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and gonads)

What event marks the start of pubertal development in girls and boys, respectively?

girls is development of public hair; boys is growth of testes volume

How has the pubertal timing changed in the past century, and why?

occurring earlier in life due to better nutrition/health to support the development

What is VO2 max, and when does it peak?

maximum amount of oxygen in mL that can be used in one minute per one kilogram of body weight; peaks in late teens and early adult years

When does muscle strength peak?

early adulthood

When does reaction time peak?

emerging adulthood

What is cardiac output, and when does it peak?

volume of blood pumped by heart in one minute, peaks at age 25

When does maximum lung capacity peak, and by how much does it decrease every decade after that peak?

peaks at age 25; decreases by 10% every decade

What are some ways to reduce hypertension?

exercise, stop smoking, reduce salt/alcohol/stress/weight, increase potassium

What is sarcopenia?

loss of muscle strength and mass that occurs with aging

What is the difference between fast and slow twitch muscles?

fast twitch muscles are used for quick bursts of energy and peak earlier in life; slow twitch muscles are used for endurance and does not decline much until middle adulthood

How much height is lost from ages 25 to 70, in both men and women, respectively?

1.25 inches in men, 2 inches in women

Where is fat gained in middle adulthood, in both men and women, respectively?

torso area; men in upper abdomen and back; women in waist and upper arms

How can fat gained in middle adulthood (and really all ages) be avoided/reduced?

low fat diets with fruits, vegetables, and grains; exercise and resistance training

How has the average age at first birth changes over time, and what causes it?

recent trend of later age in first birth due to a more career/education driven society

When does fertility peak in women, and what age marks the gradual end of fertility?

fertility peaks in early 20s (23 years old) and gradually ends around after age 35

What ages does menstruation occur in women, and what is the period of time leading to the end of menstruation called?

from onset of puberty to around 50 years old; called menopause

What marks the definite end of menopause?

lack of menstruation for 12 consecutive months

What are some symptoms of menopause?

hot flashes, night sweats, and sexual problems; also linked with (but not necessarily caused by) irritability, sleeping problems, and depression

What is Hormone Replacement Therapy for menopause?

helps reduce hot flashes and vaginal dryness as well as helping mood/bones by replacing estrogen and progesterone in body; risk of stroke, heart attacks, breast cancer, and cognitive decline (alternatives include vitamins, herbal products, and antidepressants)

What are children whose fathers are over the age of 50 at risk for?

greater risk of mental health issues

What are some reproductive issues men face in middle adulthood

slight decline in fertility (reduced sperm/semen) and erectile function; greater likelihood of mental health issues for offspring when reproducing at a higher age

How have testosterone levels in males changed over time?

decreased levels of testosterone

What 3 changes occur to the skin during middle/late adulthood?

wrinkles, sagging skin, and age spots

What are some possible causes of skin changes in middle/late adulthood?

lifelong exposure to sun/UV rays; loosening of epidermis; decreases in collagen, elastin, and fat

How do the ears, nose, hair, and teeth change in middle/late adulthood?

ears/nose lengthen/enlarge, hair thins out and loses color, teeth progressively get yellow

How does the immune system change in late adulthood, and what are two explanations?

declines in function; due to higher levels of cortisol from less DHEA production and/or withering of thymus (which produces T cells)

How has the life expectancy changes in the US since the 1900s, and why?

increased drastically to 78.6 (nearly double); caused by increases in healthcare, less physical/risky jobs, safety standards, antibiotics, immunizations, and sanitation

How does life expectancy vary by gender, SES, and race, respectively?

lower for men, those in lower SES, and racial minorities

Who lives longer in the US, immigrants or native born, and why?

Immigrants live longer than native born of the same race/ethnicity; due to healthier diet, work, lifestyle customs

Define Healthy Life Expectancy

number of years a person can expect to live in full health (without major disease or injury)

How does the US's healthy life expectancy compare to other countries at similar social/economic standings, and why?

lower, due to less healthy diets, exercise habits, work/life balance, etc. from American cultural expectations

What is ‘deaths of despair’ and who is most likely to experience it?

higher rates of suicide among working class white men

What age(s) are centenarians?

100 on the dot

What age(s) are supercentenarians?

older than 100

Who is Jeanne Clment

oldest women in the world, age 122 (French)

What are some trends for the oldest people alive

mostly female and from developed countries; high representation from Japan

What is senescence, and what are some factors?

theories about why we age: gradual deterioration of function (biological aging); impacted by genetics, lifestyle, SES conditions, and historical context

What is the Evolutionary Theory in relation to biological aging?

we have evolved to select for diseases/conditions that impact us before/during reproductive age so we can reach that reproductive age; thus diseases and conditions does not have a 'reproductive fitness' attached to it and are not selected

What is the Cellular Clock Theory in relation to biological aging?

shortening of our telomeres (ends of chromosomes that replicate and shorten as cells divide) leads to general effects of aging

What is the Free Radical Theory in relation to biological aging?

free radicals (molecules without a paired electrons) search for another electron and kill healthy cells in the process; antioxidants help the body to fight the ions by giving them electrons

What is the Mitochondrial Theory in relation to biological aging?

free radicals damage mitochondrial DNA

What is the Hormonal Stress and Immunity Theory in relation to biological aging?

allostatic load (amount of stress hormones) such as cortisol causes aging (black women have the highest levels, no genetic basis)

What are some benefits to the baby that are breastfed?

immune system boosts (allergies, infections, asthma, SIDS, hospitalization), greater nutrition, maternal emotional attachment, higher intelligence, fewer later life complications, temperature regulation, growth, and hydration

What are some benefits to the mother who is breastfeeding her baby?

helps heal the placenta wound, burns calories to get rid of 'pregnancy weight,' delays menstrual cycle, financial benefit, reduces post-partum depression, lower risk of disease, convenient, financial, and emotional

Define malnutrition

not getting enough food or right food

Define stunting (think malnutrition)

low height for age ; From 2006 to 2009, the country decreased stunting in its children by 28%

Define wasting (think malnutrition)

low weight for height

Define overnutrition

overconsumption of food and nutrients; can lead to obesity (growing problem)

What does malnutrition correlate with?

reduced bone density, diarrhea, and other diseases/abnormalities (can also cause diseases such as rickets and scurvy)

What does the body need nutritionally in adolescence, and what for?

calories (growth spurts), protein (muscle mass), calcium (bone density/strength; needs the most from ages 9-18 1300 mg), iron (blood health)

When do eating disorders most commonly appear and by whom most commonly?

adolescence to emerging adulthood; disproportionately by females

How have obesity rates changed?

Increase in obesity in adolescence (5% in 1975 to 21% in 2014)

How do nutritional needs in adulthood change from younger stages of life?

increased importance in antioxidants (to reduce free radicals); fewer calories but extra nutrients; women need more calcium than men

Why do those in late adulthood have problems eating?

sensory changes in taste and smell, chewing/digestion issues, reduced or lack of ability to shop and cook

What is universal design?

out of disability studies, many of the ways we build our environment for the disabled also benefits us (dips in curves to allow wheelchairs on the side walk)

What are Piaget's 4 Stages of Development in order?

sensorimotor (uses senses to to move, touch, and taste the world), preoperational & concrete operational (gain capabilities of understanding the world ex. gravity), formal operational (hypothetical world abilities gained)

How does play develop in early childhood?

nonsocial play (solely by self) --> parallel play (side by side but still no interaction) --> associative play (some interactions) --> cooperative play (lots of interaction and working together) --> games with rules (understands multiple perspectives)

What are the four types of play in middle childhood?

games with rules (not knowing how to cooperate yet in childhood to middle school more advanced), roughhousing, adult organized play, and unstructured play

What are some benefits of roughhousing play in middle childhood?

physical advancement (body/strength control) and emotional advancement (emotion/hormone changes, and how to deal with it)

What is adult organized play in middle childhood, and what are some benefits?

rec, club, and team sports organized by adults; improves social, problem solving, physical/motor skills as well as cognitive development

What is unstructured outdoor play in middle childhood, and what are some benefits?

'unsupervised' play purely orchestrated and controlled by the child; allows for sun exposure (develops eyes), exercise, risk taking skills, socialization, creativity, appreciation of nature, and executive function (taking control of life)

Why is playtime important in early childhood?

helps develops brain (especially cerebellum and cerebral cortex); teaches variety of skills such as social, language, physical, and cognitive

What is excessive screen time associated with?

sleeping problems, academic decline, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy eating/health habits, addiction to screens, depression, socioemotional decline

Negatives for less time playing

Piaget and senses, electronic media (Vygotsky and ‘private speech’—self talking to learn and review themselves/TV hinders this)

Technology recommendations among kids

• Less than 18 months - avoid use of screen other than video-chatting

• 18-24 months - introduce high-quality programming, and co-watch it with the kids

• 2-5 years (play years) - 1 hour per day and co-view media with the kids to help them understand what they're seeing

• 6-12 years - consistent limits and types, make sure media does not take place of sleep, physical activity and behaviors

• 12+ - media-free times (dinner or driving) and locations (bedrooms)

What is the recommended smart phone age?

14 years old

What are the ACSM and CDC recommendations for exercise in adulthood?

150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic every week; 2 muscle strengthening activities per week

reduces fat, boosts immune system, chronic disease less likely, cognitive benefits (memory and info processing), mental health, longer life

Video Games and development

negatives—addiction, obesity, violence, weakened social skills, and lack of control over remote social connections

positives—hand-eye coordination, calculated risk-taking, connections with the community

Describe the frontal lobe

CEO of the brain; deals with voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentional actions

Describe the occipital lobe

visual cortex, found right behind eye balls

Describe the parietal lobe

deals with spatial location, attention, and motor control

Describe the temporal lobe

auditory cortex; deals with hearing, language processing, and memory

What are the axons in a neuron?

long thin fiber that transmits signal from soma to terminal buttons

What are the dendrites in a neuron?

spindly branches of the neuron that receives messages from the other neurons

What is the synapse in a neuron?

gap between terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron that information flows across

What is the myelin sheath in a neuron?

insulating material that coats axons to speed transmission of information

What is a neuron?

nerve cell that handles information processing

What is myelination

production of the myelin membrane that wraps axons in the central and peripheral nervous systems; continues to make the brain more efficient until 30

When does dendritic spreading and myelination occur?

infancy

What is synaptic pruning and what does it cause?

gets rid of unused connections and strengthens what we focus on

4 types of unresponsive care

Occasional Inattention - possible benefits when left alone every once in awhile

Chronic

Severe Neglect in households - not being fed or bathed enough

Severe neglect in institutional settings - orphanages with someone new taking care of the child

What characteristics are associated with the left hemisphere of the brain?

analytic thought, logic, language, and science/math

What characteristics are associated with the right hemisphere of the brain?

holistic thought, intuition, creativity, and art/music