DF2 Final Exam

buccal patches

less permeable and slower

sublingual patches

more permeable and quicker absorption

buccal

cheeks is?

buccal patches

thinner and more flexible than buccal tablets

buccal patches vs tablets

what is less obtrusive and more accepted by patients

mucosal

softer surface than skin

nasal cavity

mucosal layer

Nasal

avoids first pass which is advantage?

1. avoids hepatic first-pass

2. rapid absorption

3. relatively easy and convenient

Advantages of Nasal Cavity

1. tissue irritation

2. rapid removal of drug (mucociliary clearance)

3. pathological conditions such as allergies that can alter nasal bioavailability

4. limited area of drug absorption

Disadvantages of Nasal

Zicam and Miacalcin

Nasal examples

olfactory region

sensing smell connected to Nervous system

Smell

what is not something you can imagine, alter its lipophilic actually something

respiratory region

main site for systemic drug delivery

respiratory region (150 cm2)

relatively large surface area and what is it

olfactory region (1-5cm2)

small surface area and what is it

respiratory

respiratory and olfactory region: epithelium covered with mucus

respiratory

respiratory and olfactory region: bigger SA

olfactory

respiratory and olfactory region: direct connection to CNS and atmosphere

olfactory

respiratory and olfactory region: contains small glands that produce secretions acting as a solvent for odorous substances

respiratory

respiratory and olfactory region: main site for systemic drug delivery

humidification and warming of inhaled air

epithelium covered with mucus provides

physical and enzymatic protection against foreign compounds

what does epithelium covered in mucus also provide

systemic, local, vaccines

nasal can be what routes

respiratory region

nasal systemic is via

local

nasal - treatment of topical nasal disorders is via

olfactory region

potential route of drug delivery to CNS is via

Local

Nasal which route: antihistamines, corticosteroids (rhino)

nasal decongestants (cold symptoms)

Vaccines

Nasal which route: nasal mucosa and lymphoid tissue underneath epithelium like DC and T cells and B cells or first site of contact w inhaled antigens

Vaginal

thick mucosal cavity

rich blood supply

high permeability of certain drugs

avoidance of hepatic first pass effects

advantages of vaginal drug delivery

hormone =pH

disadvantages of vaginal

Gels and Creams, films, vaginal rings

vaginal delivery systems

gels and creams

vaginal delivery system: most widely used

gels and creams

vaginal delivery system: drawback, leakage, messiness, requires applicator

IUD

zero order release up to 5 yrs

rectal

difficult and not pleasant

rectal

what delivery route is less popular now with improvements but typically is pediatric or geriatric

suppository

suppository or rectal emenas: which is solid DF

local

ocular: local or system delivery system

becasue you have 1 paur of eyes

why is OCULAR not for system route

Extrascleral flange, septum, body, and release control element

eye port delivery system: 4 parts and what they do*

permenant, surgically installed, and refillable

Port delivery system is

where needle injects medication

Port delivery system: septum

hollow part holding medication, refillable

Port delivery system: body

latches to surface of eye secures implant

Port delivery system: extrascleral flange

releases drug

Port delivery system: release control element

aspirin

small mollecule to cells: whats small

insullin

small mollecule to cells: whats after small

HGH and EPO

small mollecule to cells: whats large

mAbs

small mollecule to cells: biologics

microenviornement, phenotype

a cell can sense the ____, and the gene can alter the _________ of a cell

nucleus

DNA therapeutics go where

DNA therapeutics

need access to the nucleus to deliver and process genetic material

RNA therapeutics

Do not need access to the nucleus as mRNA will be translated in the cytoplasm

Protein therapeutics

can act extra- or intracellularly to affect a biotransformation or recognize a target

cell-based therapies

incorporate as new cells which perform cellular and metabolic functions

ALL FDA approved therapeutics

The variety of biotherapeutics are

in vivo, ex vivo, CRISPR, oncolytic viruses

DNA is

gene therapies

use DNA as active component

gene therapy

what is a cell based therapy when it delivers or is engineered with a gene

cell-based

gene or cell based therapies: non-modified cell therapy

cell-based

gene or cell based therapies: stem cell therapy

cell-based

gene or cell based therapies: cell-based vaccines

cell-based

gene or cell based therapies: virus-delivered genes

cell-based

gene or cell based therapies: gene-edited cells

cell based gene therapies and non gene cell based therapies

FDA has approved what

protein

What is a piece of DNA***

cell therapy

what changes gene to protein, G →P

Gene→Protein

Cell therapy changes what to what

cell-based therapy

engineered by delivering DNA→cell→nucleus→protein

Stem cells

Do not involve immune cells

immunotherapies

invovle immune cells

immuno

cancer vaccines: immuno or stem cells

immuno

cell based therapies: immuno or stem

immunotherapies

contains genetically engineered lympocytes

Immunotherapy or cell based

cell-based therapy is what 2 kinds

yes, no

immune cells or not: immunotherapy

cell-based therapy

CAR-T, cancer vaccines, TILs

example of immunotherpay

hematopoietic/stem cells

example of cell-based therpay

cell therapy

which type of therapy is non-engineered

ex vivo

FDA approved cell-based gene therapies are in vivo or ex vivo

in vivo

gene therapies without cells are in vivo or ex vivo

ex vivo engiineered CRISPR

sickle cell disease 2023 is

non-gene

non-gene

gene

gene

gene

non-gene

non-gene-based or gene based:

stem cells(CD34 HSCs)

TIL

TCR T cells

CAR-T

CRSIPR-edited CD34 HSC

Cancer vaccines

TIL

TCR T cells

CAR-T

cancer vaccines

which are immunotherapies:

stem cells(CD34 HSCs)

TIL

TCR T cells

CAR-T

CRSIPR-edited CD34 HSC

Cancer vaccines

TIL, TCR T cells, and CAR-T

TIL is not gene edited

types of immune cell therapies and which are gene edited

Stem cell therapy

1st FDA approved therapy years ago

Multipotent

most common stem cells*

multipotent

can only become very specifc tissue and can only come wehre came from*

Multipotent

FDA approved stem cells

totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent

totipotent

3 types of stem cells:

which are not allowed bc u need to extract embryos:

TOTIpotent

which type of stem cells:

each indivudal can develop into a new individual

pluripotent

which type of stem cells: cells can form any over 200 cell types

multipotent

which type of stem cells: cells differentiated, but can form a number of other tissues

multipotent

which type of stem cells:

fetal tissue, cord blood and adult stem cells

pluripotent

which type of stem cells: some cells of blastocytes 5-14 days

totipotent

which type of stem cells: cells from early 1-3 day embryos

bone marrow(HSC MSC)

liposuction (MSC)

cord blood (HSC)

specific tissue (MSC)

sources of stem cells and MSC or HSC or both

versatile

adult cells are less ___ then embryonic cells