AP World Final (Unit 3 + 4)

Charted companies

Private investors who developed colonies for monopoly controls and yearly fees

Motive for generating overseas exploration

Gold, God, and Glory

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sets up school for navigation, funds exploration, earliest expolor

Battolomen Dias

Sailed around tip of Africa, first to do so

Vasco Da Gama

Direct route to India to destroy shipping monopoly, established “trading post” empires in attempt to control trade routes instead of people and territory of Spain

Ferdinand Magellan

1st known to sail around the world

Treaty of Tordesillas

Newly discovered lands would be divided. West=Spain, East=Portugal, fails

Conquistadors

Spanish successful in conquering

Reasons for conquistadors success

Superior military technology, help from natives, immunity to disease

Encomiend System

Gave encomenderos (Spanish settlers) rights to force natives to work in mines or fields. In return, Spanish Christinize and take care of natives

Seven Years War

Last 7 years, France lost Canada, England in control of East Coast. fight vover terrortory, like a proxy war

Why did the Russian empire expand?

Security concerns like pastoral invasions, opportunity for fur trade due to demand on market after little ice age

How did Russian empire expand?

Organization of state, yasak

Yasak

tribute paid to Russian state in cash or goods like fur

Russian settlers

Natives became russified

Ivan the Terrible

Came into throne at 3, spent childhood fighting boyars Russia

What was Russia like during 1500-1800

Serfdom to mid 1800s, geographically isolate, eastern orthodoxy

What was the west like during 1500-1800

Serfdom relax, contract via trade, christianity

Peter the Great

Takes power with a goal of westernizing Russia, got a warm water port for Russia, increased tax, built St. Petersburg, modernized Russia and transform it into an empire that rivaled anything in Europe

Ming Dynasty

used Confucianism to re-establish Chinese traditions, yongle siezed power and moved capital back to Bejing, enlarge forbidden city, funded voyages of Zheng He

Zheng He end

Trade connections fell and voyages ended bc Confucianism promoted agrarian lifestyle, foreign contact would unestablish China, too expensive

Qing Dynasty

Men had to wear queues, 2nd foreign dynasty ever, due to conquest money needed, Canton system

Canton System

Europeans trade restricted to coastal city, taxed all good strictly

White lotus rebellion

End of Qing Dynasty, Qing suppressed it, but it killed 100,000 people

Ottoman Empire (SAQ)

sieged of Constantinople, ended 1,100 years byzantine rule, founder: Osman, golden age of suleman the magnificent, devshrime, janissaries,

Siege of Constantinople (Ottoman Empire/SAQ)

marked the end of the Byzantine Empire when the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II, captured the city after a 55-day siege, transforming it into their new capital, Istanbul.

Why did the Ottoman Empire decline (SAQ)

slow decline bc they couldn’t match growing power, treasury depleted from war, weak

Suleiman the magnificent

Pushed into Christian Europe, conquered Serbia/Hungary, halted at veinna

Devshrine

Tax on Christian boys, educated in Turkish, Islam, military strategy, top 10% become government officials, low become soldiers

Janissaries

infantry who were elite of the army

Decline of Ottoman Empire

Slow, couldn’t match growing power, treasury depleted from war, weak sultans, increase power of Janissary

Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

riverly w/ Ottoman bc of religion, Ottoman crushed Safavids

Shan Abbas (Safavid Empire/SAQ)

Moved capital to Isfahan, known for his military reforms, economic growth, and cultural advancements, modernized empire

Modernized Empire (Safavid/SAQ)

Expanded, added janissaries, built bureaucracy, encouraged trade

1722 Siege of Isfahan

high military costs, inflation, decline overland trade weakened state

Things within Mughal Empire (SAQ)

Founder: Babur, descendants of Mongols, military conquest, Akbar the Great, creation of Devine Faith, Zamindars, Caste System, Aurangez

Akbar the Great

Known for religious tolerence, Muslum rulers, and Hindu subjects brought together, created devine faith

Zamindars

Local offcials who collected taxes from peasants

Caste System

Rigid social class system based on hereditary status

Aurangez

Shah Jahan’s son, two goals: extend Mughal control through subcontinent and purify Islam/rid Hinduism

Decline of Safavid Empire (SAQ)

Led to growing military and economic intervention bythe British

Mercantilism

Economic system where the European mother country extracts raw materials from colonies. Sold finished goods to colonies to get rich

Commercial Revolution

Expansion of international trade and colonization led to new business venture

Producers of silver

America and Japan

Worldwide consequences of global trade of silver?

1: Shoguns got rich in Japan and used to strengthen the government, 2: millions New World death associated with Mining, 3: too much silvers flow in Spain causing inflation, 4: China, Spain, Ottoman Empire negatively impacted economically by inflation

Atlantic slave trade

trade 11th million Africans forably migrated to Americas, Brazil/Carribean received most slaves, slaves resisted challenged authorities in Americas

Caravels

a small, fast, and maneuverable sailing ship developed by the Portuguese, crucial for age of exploration—enabling European powers to explore and colonize new lands, establish trade routes, and expand their empire

(SAQ) China in 1450-1750 (Ming Dynasty)

Used Confucianism to reestablish Chinese traditions. Yongle seized power and moved capital back to Beijing, enlarged forbbide city, funded voyages of Zheng he.

(SAQ) China in 1450-1750 - Why did Ming Dynasty end?

Confucianism promoted agrarian lifestyle; foreign contact wold destablish China, too expensive.

(SAQ) China in 1450-1750 - Qing Dynasty

Men wore queues, due to conquest money was needed, canton system

(SAQ) China in 1450-1750 - Qing Dynasty decline

White Lotus Rebllion

(SAQ) Causes of protestant reformation

Church corruption, Lax clerical standards, Renaissance humanism, 1/3 of Europe churches, printing press

(SAQ) Martin Luther

Salvation by faith alone, indulges, posted ¨95” thesis,

(SAQ) China in 1450-1750 - Zheng He

Ming Dynasty, Muslum, Trade connections fell short of expectations; voyages abruptly ended and money was used to complete Great Walt

SAQ) China in 1450-1750 - Ming Dynasty achievements

Reestablished the civil service exam system, but commerce suffered. Tribute system (a continuity!) and porcelain trade brought great wealth!

(SAQ) China in 1450-1750 - Ming Dynasty decline

Corruption of the court officials and natural disasters caused rebellions, Aggressive military expansion of the Manchus, Manchu rebel Li Zicheng entered Beijing in 1644; as he did the last Ming emperor killed himself

(SAQ) China in 1450-1750 - Qing Dynasty decline

2nd foreign dynasty, Manchus put their people in positions of power but maintained civil service exam, due to conquest, $ was needed so privileges were sold to Europeans, canton system

Maroons

Settlements formed by runaway slaves

Tokugawa shogunate

Completed Japan’s political unficiation

Kabuki Theater

Emphasis on violence, government sought to oppress, woman didn’t act in it

Hermit Kingdom

Was Korea, interested with China but was isolated from other countries

Humanism

Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor

Secularism

Non religious

Indulges

Absolution for sins, corrupt

Act of supremecy

declared King of England, the leader of church of England

Counterreformation

Included inquisition, jesuits, and council of trent

Inquisition

Root out unbelivers and punish them

Jesuits

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola; well educated priests who wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism

Council of Trent

prohibited indulgences reaffirmed all other teachings

Thirty years’ war

Cause: holy Roman Empire wanted subjects to return to Catholicism. Effects: treaty of Westphalia that prevented war

Devine Right MOnarch

King/queen subjects to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from God

What was African Slavery with Muslim world like compared to the Transatlantic slave trade?

It was smaller, but longer lasting than the Atlantic slave trade.

What happened to African slaves sent to Islamic world?

They served as soldiers or servants

What happens to slaves forced to travel to the Americas?

Worked in sugar cane plantations

What places received the most slaves via the Transatlantic Slave Trade?

The Caribbean/Brazil received the most slaves

What two religions did the Atlantic Slave Trade synchronize?

Vodun and Santeria

How did slaves act in the Americas?

Resisting challenged existing authorities in the Americas, Captain Cudjoe led the maroon society in Jamaica; signed a treaty in 1738 that secured independence

What did mercantilism do/their purpose?

Sold finished goods back to colonies, purpose of the colony was to make the mother country rich and self-sufficient

What did the outlook of mercantilism fuel?

European wars and colonial rivalries around the world

What was the Caribbean territory turned into for slaves?

Highly productive sugar-producing colonies that broke the Portuguese and Brazilian monopoly.

How did sugar transform the Caribbean?

Production was labor-intensive and occurred in large scale, so it was the first modern industry that produced for the international and mass market using capital and expertise from Europe.

What was the Caribbean sugar production's most characteristic feature?

Slave labor

What happened when the Native American population decreased and Native Americans fled the Caribbean?

European sugarcane plantations turned to Africa and the Atlantic slave trade for an alternative workforce

What happened to most of the African captives when transported across the Atlantic?

The majority of African captives ended up in Brazil and the Caribbean

Conditions of slavery in the Caribbean?

Awful conditions, along with diseases, caused a high death rate. As a result, plantation owners had to import fresh slaves.

Gender for slaves in the Caribbean?

More male slaves were imported from Africa, leading to major and persistent gender imbalances

What roles did women play in slavery in the Caribbean?

Made up half the field gangs that did the heavy work of planting and harvesting sugarcane. Received brutal punishments, received the same rations as males, permitted to undertake more skilled labor

Woman in an urban setting in the Caribbean?

Did domestic chores, hired out as laborers in homes, shops, laundries, ins, and brothels, discouraged from having stable families, endured separation from their children.

What did the use of African slave labor do for plantations in the Caribbean?

Gave them different ethnic and racial make

What did Ottoman authorities do towards young Christian families through devshirme?

Siphoned off young boys from Christian families into the service of the state, removed their families, required them to learn Turkish, convert them to Islam, training for civil administration or military service in the janissary elites.

How did the protestant reformation begin?

When German priest Martin Luther publicly invited debate about abuses within the Roman Catholic Church by issuing a document, the 95 Theses, nailing it to the church door.

Why was Martin Luther’s protest revolutionary?

Its theological basis. Luther came to new understanding of salvation, which he believed came through faith alone. This challenged the church.

What did Martin Luther believe the source of these beliefs was?

It wasn’t the teaching of the church but the bible alone.

What did Luther’s ideas provoke?

Massive schism within Catholic Christendom as they expressed a variety of political, economic, social tension, and religious differences

What did some kings and princes find in these ideas?

A justification for their own independence and an opportunity to gain the lands and taxes previously held by the Church

What did the Prostant idea mean?

All vocations were equal merit, middle-class urban dwellers found a new religious ligitmacy for their growing role in society.

How did the Protestant Reformation affect women?

Didn’t offer them a greater roll in the Church or society, veneration of Mary/female saints ended, males become sole object of worship, closed convents that offered some women alternative to marriage, gave reading of bible so women could stimulate education and literacy, mothers and wives subject ot male supervision.

How did the Reformation thinking spread rapidly?

Through new invention of printing press. Luther’s pamphlets and translation of New Test spread quickly.

What happened as the Protestant Reformation spread to France, Switzerland, England, and other places?

It divided Protestant churches

What happened as religious difference occurred from the Protestant Reformation?

Fractured political system and divided classes, caused thirty years war