SOC Final Exam

what is not an accurate statement about culture?

culture varies very little between societies

what is the basic premise of the video "Meet the Natives"

5 men from an island in the south Pacific traveled to the US to understand why the US was at war

Who believed that nearly all known societies are characterized by some system of division by economic class, which results in conflict as classes compete for wealth, power, and resources?

Karl Marx

Common written or unwritten rules of a culture that govern the behavior of people belonging to it are referred to as what?

Norms

According to class lecture, the ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and to make social change is called what?

agency

what was the main theoretical perspective used by Chambliss in his work with the Saints and Roughnecks?

Labeling Theory

Sherman and Bartelby are huge South Harmon Institute of Technology basketball fans. For them, anything South Harmon is good. Their school's main rival is Harmon College. Sherman and Bartelby have written numerous chants full of profanity that are meant to antagonize Harmon College fans at the next game. For Sherman and Bartelby, Harmon College is what?

an out-group

Who wrote the supplemental reading, "The Promise?"

C. Wright Mills

Standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, desirable or undesirable are what?

values

According to Max Weber, what accounts for the rise of capitalism?

Religion, the Protestant ethic

What is the worldview whereby we judge other cultures by the standards of our own?

Ethnocentrism

Which of the following statements best represents most sociologists' stance on the nature vs. nurture debate?

The majority of our behavior is learned, but the capacity to learn many behaviors is biological

What is the most important step in the Labeling process according to Becker?

Getting caught

The values, beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group are referred to as what?

Culture

Who is known for having studied and written about suicide?

Emile Durkheim

What does Chambliss argue at the end of the Saints and the Roughnecks?

Labels are very powerful and potentially damaging. Society would be better off ignoring minor crimes committed by juveniles.

According to Mills, what occurs at the individual level and what occurs at the societal level?

Troubles; issues

an example of a non-major social institution

A local volunteer fire department

According to Karl Marx, who owns the means of production and who is exploited by them?

Bourgeoisie; proletariat

Who founded and named sociology as a discipline, pushing for a positivist society in which knowledge would be based on scientific reasoning and facts?

Auguste Comte

Norms that members of a society look upon as being critical and violations of which are seen as a threat to social order. These are often codified into law and sanctions are attached.

Mores

The ability to grasp the relationship between individual lives and the larger social forces that shape them is referred to as what?

Sociological imagination

what is not true when it comes to norms?

Most norms are shared only by small groups of people

Which of the following is not a characteristic of symbolic interactionism?

Structural explanations are considered just as important as individual explanations

Patterned social arrangements that have an enabling or constraining effect on agency refers to what?

Structure

What is not one of the three main components of the "looking-glass self?"

We put on front-stage performances with friends and backstage performances with strangers

A violation of a more would be...

running a red light

the relationship between agency and structure is what?

reciprocal, they both have an effect on one another

what is not a characteristic of conflict theory?

Focuses solely on micro-level interactions

For example, when someone formerly incarcerated must relearn the values, beliefs, and norms of society because it has changed significantly, they experience what?

Resocialization

What is an example of an achieved status?

Graduating from ESU

What is not a characteristic of structural functionalism?

emphasized conflict and competition

The process by which people learn the culture of their society is referred to as what?

socialization

the scientific study of human and social relationships, groups, and societies is known as what?

sociology

what is the thomas theorem?

whatsoever situations are perceived as real, are real in their consequences

what is the main point of "the saints and the roughnecks?"

Labels are very powerful and can have consequences

at what age does the socialization process end?

the process does not end

what is an example of a violation of a folkway?

Having a picnic in the middle of a busy sidewalk on campus

what is not true of early founders of sociological thought?

they rejected scientific reasoning and logic

what are paradigms concerned with large-scale patterns and institutions and paradigms concerned with social relations and interaction in specific individual situations?

Macro-level, micro-level

sociologically speaking, what is the difference between spit and saliva?

Spit has been socially constructed to be seen as disgusting while saliva is viewed as normal and beneficial

what did Stanley Milgram's shock generator experiment really examine?

obedience to authority

According to Chambliss, what is true about the deviance of both the saints and the roughnecks?

both groups were deviant

what is an example of a taboo violation?

John Wayne Gacy killing 33 people and burying them under his house

A military sergeant calling new recruits names, making them go on a 20 mile hike, and poking fun at each of them is an example of what?

a degredation ceremony

the self-image that results from our interpretation of the views others have of us is referred to as what?

looking-glass self

an example of material culture

a slice of apple pie with a scoop of vanilla ice cream on top

any behavior, practice, or condition that results in disapproval, hostility, or sanction if it becomes known is referred to as what?

deviance

the ability to exercise influence on political institutions and/or other actors to realize personal or group interests is known sociologically as what?

power

what accounts for the increase in the number of people living in slums despite percentage decreasing?

population growth

Who believes that ordinary people will conform to orders given by someone in a position of power or authority even if those orders have negative consequences?

Stanley Milgram

A disparity in income, wealth, power, prestige, and other resources is referred to as what?

social inequality?

what is the systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality?

social stratification

A person's economic position in society, based on differences in income, wealth, and occupation is referred to as what?

Social class

what is wealth?

the value of everything a person owns minus the value of everything they owe

Sociologicallky speaking, what was Zimbardo's prison experiment an example of?

The power of the situation

Global wealth inequality is a MDG: true or false?

false

the upward or downward status movement of individuals or groups over time is called?

Social mobility

what is an example of a deviant means to achieve the goal of economic success?

selling cocaine to wealthy businesspeople

the top quintile earns over what percent of the income in the US while the bottom quintile earls about what percent of the income?

51 ; 3

how many people around the world still lack access to basic sanitation according to the Millennium Development Goal report?

2.4 billion

The point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members is referred to as what?

Absolute poverty

___ deviance occurs at the moment an activity is labeled as deviant by others, while ___ deviance occurs when the person being labeled deviant accepts the label as part of their identity and begins to act in conformity with the label

primary; secondary

Why was Jamie Johnson's dad so hesitant to discuss wealth inequality on film during "The One Percent?"

He was part of a film about inequality in South Africa when he was younger and was punished by higher-ups at Johnson & Johnson. That punishment still impacts the way he views inequality

What is the best sociological definition of income?

The amount of money a person or household earns in a given period of time

What was the reason we watched "The One Percent?"

It gave us the chance to "study up," providing access to a group that we otherwise wouldn't have access to

An act defined in the law as punishable by fines, imprisonment, or both is called what?

Crime

The top 20% of households in the US hold about what percent of all the wealth in the US?

85%

At the turn of the millennium, 189 countries agreed to give what percentage of their GDP to foreign development assistance?

0.7%

Deviance is NOT

defined by harm, statistical difference, or mental illness

Who made the video "The One Percent?"

Jamie Johnson

According to in-class lecture, what is not true about the MDG's?

The MDG's have been a complete failure

The top quintile in the US owns what percent of all stock?

90%

What is not one of Merton's adaptations in strain theory?

Revolution

The idea that poor people share a set of values that keep them poor is what?

An ideology that helps justify social stratification in the US

The runner from South Africa whose gender was challenged and was required to take a "gender test"

Caster Semenya

A society in which personal success is based on talent and individual effort is referred to as what?

Meritocracy

What is the official poverty threshold for a family of four in the US?

$25,000

What is the case of Kitty Genovese an example of?

Bystander apathy

A society where men dominate in family decision making is called what?

Patriarchy

Merton's idea that when there is a discrepancy between the cultural goals for success and the means available to achieve those goals, the rate of deviance will be high is known as what?

strain theory

Class position at birth influences the opportunities and obstacles a person will encounter in education, social life, and work that impacts social mobility. This is known as what?

Life chances

What is true about income inequality?

It has increased greatly in the last 50 years

Women are often employed in the informal market in the developing world. Why is this a problem?

Their work lacks benefits, is insecure, and isn't counted in their country's GDP

The average number of children a woman in a given country will have throughout her childbearing years is referred to as what?

Total fertility rate

Less powerful groups who are dominated politically and economically by a dominant group are referred to as what?

minorities

What was the result of the meeting of 189 states in 2000?

The millennium development goals

The goal to cut extreme poverty in half is what MDG?

MDG 1

The World Back sets the global extreme poverty line at around what dollar amount per day?

$1.25

What does it mean to "do gender"?

Gender is constructed through interaction and at the same time structures interaction

In her work, "Mark of a Criminal Record," that examined racial discrimination in hiring practices, Devah Pager found what?

White applicants with a criminal record received slightly more callbacks than Black applicants with no criminal record

Jane Elliot is an anti-racism educator who separates groups based on what in her demonstrations?

Eye color

Sex vs Gender

Biological vs Social

A group sharing apparent physical traits deemed by society to be socially significant is referred to as what?

Race

what is a social movement?

a large group of people who are organized to promote or resist some social change

what are the 5 stages of social movements?

unrest & agitation, resource mobilization, organization, institutionalization, organizational decline & possible resurgence

resource mobilization

ways a social movement utilizes resources such as money, political influence, access to the media, and personell

political process theory

social movements occur when the political opportunity arises as the existing political system is vulnerable

framing theory

the frame constructed by or about a movement

social change

a shift in the characteristics of culture and society