Nutrition Final Exam study guide Chs 1 & 2

DRI

Dietary reference intakes, a set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the United States and Canada

Nutrition food labels

Heaviest ingredients on top, 

> 20%, excellent source

10-19%, good source

<5, low source

Organic nutrients

Contain carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, pertain to living organisms, carbs, fats, & protein, & vitamins

Inorganic nutrients

Do not contain carbon, or pertain to living organisms, minerals & water, non energy yielding

Macronutrients

Nutrients required by the body in large amounts; includes carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Micronutrients

Nutrients required by the body in smaller amounts; includes vitamins and minerals.

Proteins

4lcal/gram

Fats

9kcal/gram

carbs

4kcal/gram

alcohol

7kcal/gram

Enriched foods

adding nutrients back to foods that were lost during processing

Fortified foods

adding nutrients that weren't originally there

%DV

percentage of the Daily Value recommendation found in a food based on a 2000 kcal diet

GI tract order

Order of parts: Mouth, Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine(Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum), large intestine(colon), rectum, anus.

Stomach

Churns bolus mixing it with digestive juice, creating chyme.

Small intestine

Area where most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.

Large intestine

Absorbs water and forms waste.

Rectum

Stores waste.

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

Sphincter at the top of the esophagus allowing food to pass from mouth to esophagus.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

Sphincter at the lower end of the esophagus/stomach that prevents backflow into the esophagus.

Pyloric Sphincter

Sphincter between stomach duodenum controlling the release of chyme into the duodenum, opens up 3xs/minute

Ileocecal Valve

where S.I. meets L.I., Valve allowing contents to pass from the small intestine into the large intestine.

Saliva

produced by salivary glands, salivary amylase that act(digest) on carbs

Gastric juice

produced by stomach, contains HCL & pepsin, gastric acid that acts on protein

Pancreas produces

pancreatic juice that acts on all three macronutrients, containsenzymes,camylase, lipase

Small intestine produces..

enzymes on its surface that break nutrients and act on all 3 macronutrients

Gastrin

GI hormone that stimulates stomach glands to secrete hydrochloric acid when food enters the stomach. produced by gcells

Secretin

GI hormone that stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic juice when chyme enters the small intestine.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

GI hormone that stimulates bile release and pancreatic juice secretion when fat or protein enters the small intestine.

Protein & Carbohydrates digestion

Begins in the mouth and continues in the small intestine, transported to blood, then hepatic portal vein- liver

Nutrient absorption

All macronutrients are absorbed in the small intestine; fiber is absorbed in large intestine.

where do each of the macronutrients go after absorption

They  pass into the Villi and enter the bloodstream/lymphatic system

Probiotics

Good bacteria/living microorganisms found in foods like yogurt and kefir.

How are nutrients converted into fat storage:

Carbs, protein, and lipids are all turned into Acetyl CoA when nutrient intake exceeds and then Acetyl CoA is turned into fat

Sphincter

circular muscle that opens and closes a body opening

Bolus

food thats chewed & swallowed(neutral PH of 7)

chyme

semiliquid mass of partly digested food, formed in the stomach from bolus, highly acidic, released to stomach through pyloric sphincter, pH is below 2

Where does most digestion/absorptoin occur?

occurs in the small intestine, particularly within the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Bicarbonate function & source

neutralizes acidic chyme entering duodenum and is secreted from pancreas

HCL, hydrochloric Acid function & source

lowers stomach pH, making it acidic, denatures proteins, activates pepsin, found in parietal cells in stomach

bile

aids in fat/lipid digestion, fat emulsifier made in the liver, stored in gallbladder

intestinal juice

comes from small intestine, enzymatic digestion, neutralizes acidity, lubrication & transportt

Mucos

comes form goblet cells, acts as a protective barrier, lubrication

which organ do carbs and protien encounter first after absorption

LIVER