College Chemistry Ch5

States of Matter

The different forms in which matter can exist, including gases, liquids, and solids.

Physical Changes

Changes in a substance that do not alter its chemical composition, such as changes in state.

Gases, Liquids, Solids

The three main states of matter with distinct physical properties.

Ideal Gas

A theoretical model used to describe the behavior of gas particles at the atomic/molecular level.

Gas Laws

Mathematical relationships that describe the behavior of gases in terms of variables like volume, temperature, pressure, and number of moles.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

A theory that explains the behavior of gases based on the motion of particles and their interactions.

Boyle's Law

States that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure when temperature and moles are constant.

Charles's Law

States that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature when pressure and moles are constant.

Combined Gas Law

Describes the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas when all three variables change simultaneously.

Combined Gas Law

A gas law that combines Boyle's, Charles's, and Avogadro's laws into a single expression, relating the initial and final conditions of pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas.

Avogadro’s Law

States that equal volumes of any ideal gas contain the same number of moles if measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

Molar Volume

The volume occupied by 1 mole of any gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP), which is 22.4 L.

Ideal Gas Law

The equation PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin.

Ideal Gas Constant (R)

A constant value (0.0821 L.atm/mol.K) used in the ideal gas law equation to relate the properties of ideal gases.

Dalton’s Law

States that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases in the mixture.

Ideal Gases vs

Highlights that ideal gases are a theoretical concept used to explain gas behavior, while real gases deviate from ideal behavior due to factors like molecular interactions.

Compressibility

The property of liquids being practically incompressible, allowing them to transmit force effectively, as seen in brake fluids.

Surface Tension

The measure of the attractive forces among molecules at the surface of a liquid, leading to phenomena like capillary action.

Van der Waals Forces

Intermolecular forces that include dipole-dipole interactions and London dispersion forces, explaining physical properties of liquids.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to highly electronegative elements like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine, leading to unique properties.

Crystalline Solids

Solids with particles arranged in a regular, repeating pattern, including ionic solids (e.g., NaCl) and covalent solids (e.g., diamond), each with distinct properties.